Career Development in Insurance Sector Essay

Potential for career development in insurance sector is most vibrant topic today. One Million plus persons are working today as an employees in Insurance sector and 5 Million plus persons are associated with this sector as Agents, Consultants, Surveyors, Loss Assessors, Underwriters, Claim Settlers, Salvage Dealers, Brokers, Sub-brokers, etc etc. The growth rate in Insurance Sector is more than 20% in last 3 years. There is huge potential for development in Insurance sector. The sector is under developed and penetration of insurance is very very low in the country compared to other developing and developed countries. India is leading towards one of the strongest economy of the world by 2020 and it is international phenomenon that insurance sector always booms along with growing economy. Insurance Services are the foundation for smooth functioning of all business & commercial activities. Insurance is the backbone of overall economy of the country. For the developing country like India where growth of the economy is at double digit rate, Insurance talent is inevitable. All Industries in this scenario can be monetarily well protected from all types of catastrophic and manmade risks. Insurance is a vehicle for growth in growing economies. The whole world is looking at India as one of the giant and Asian tiger in next 8 to 10 years. All this is true. But very interesting fact of the today is that no one is aware about the exact potential of career development and opportunities in Insurance Sector. This article is dedicated to find the facts and figures about career development opportunities in Insurance Sector in India. This is an effort to enlighten and guide the readers, employees, students, stake holders to understand the facts and facets of insurance sector and how one can develop long term career in Insurance Sector. The article will review all aspects of insurance sector and discuss †¢ Opportunities for Career Development †¢ Growth potential in Insurance Sector †¢ Changing Scenario of Insurance Sector †¢ Manpower & Skill Sets Required by Insurance Sector †¢ Regulatory Changes in Insurance Sector †¢ New trends and Developments †¢ International Impacts †¢ Present Academic Scenario †¢ Available Educational Facilities †¢ Recent Educational & Academic Developments †¢ Speed and growth cycles of career enhancement in Insurance Sector †¢ Salary Packages at Entry Levels, Middle Level and Top Level †¢ How to improve Employibility and Skill Sets †¢ Career Opportunities Outside India †¢ Subsectors in Insurance for Career Development †¢ Preparing Career Development Path in Insurance Sector †¢ Challenges & Opportunities for Career Development in Insurance Sector, †¢ FAQs i.e. Frequently Asked Questions @ Career Opportunities in Insurance Sector, etc After 25 years of experience in Insurance Sector and witnessing the changing scenario of insurance sector after IRDA, I have noticed that the present and future workforce in Insurance sector is totally puzzled about the career enhancement and confused to find a road map for growth. Thousands of Career Fairs & Exhibitions across the country are covering all sectors for career opportunities like IT, BPO, ITES, Engineering, Automobile, Management, Finance, Medical, Health Care, Accounts, Law, Company affairs, etc, nobody is talking about insurance sector for career development. People believe that insurance is a small part of finance sector and it need not be cared beyond mere selling of insurance prod ucts. Unfortunately I have to state that working employees, students, parents, media, academicians, colleges, universities, top executives of insurance sector and society as a whole are not aware about the exact potential and scope of career enhancement in Insurance Sector. Working in insurance sector is always a secondary thought and society hesitate to honour career in insurance sector. Association in insurance activity is always presumed as below status career. This prejudice attitude towards insurance sector is a great harm for new entrants and career growth of current workforce. This is ironical that due to this negative attitude, the new generation is neglecting and under estimating a golden opportunity of developing gorgeous career in insurance sector. It is more unfortunate that after more than 100 years of commencement of insurance business activity in our country, the academicians, regulators and top executives in Insurance Sector have ignored the need and importance of improving the brand image of insurance sector. Growth Potential in Insurance Sector in India * Insurance is one of the fastest growing sector in India. Hardly 6 % of the population of the country has covered by life Insurance. The penetration is as low as 0.9 % in general insurance. Health Insurance has reached to merely 3 % of the population. In country like USA, where the population is @ 35 Crores, there are more than 6000 companies are engaged in insurance business. In India, population is more than 110 crores and hardly 52 companies are working in Insurance Sector. If we assume that only 50% population is insurable, still we need 10,000 companies to cater the need of 55 Crore people. Only Life Insurance sector has grown to certain extent and people say that I wish to purchase LIC policy for my car or LIC policy for stocks in my factory. Only compulsory policies of general insurance sector have been sold like motor policies and fire and industrial policies. Large number of general insurance products are not even known to the employees of general insurance companies. Thanks to electro mechanical equipments, scientific development and commercialization of medical profession, health insurance penetration has reached to 3 % of population. Still this number is very poor comparing to developed countries. Central Government has targeted Life Insurance Penetration to 40 %, Health Insurance at 30 % and General Insurance at 15 % of the population by 2030. This will create very huge potential for development in insurance Sector. The insurance business was merely 12 Billion US $ by 2000 which has reached to approximately 100 Billion US $ by 2012 and is now expected to grow 1000 Billion US $ by 2020 and 5000 Billion US $ by 2030. * Approval of Bill of 49% FDI in Insurance sector is long awaited. Once it is enacted, the number of insurance companies may rise to @ 150 to 200 in next 7-8 years. There is immense potential for insurance industry to grow. At present there are 24 Life, 27 Non Life and 1 Reinsurance, thus total 52 Insurance companies are in insurance business. Out of this, 4 companies are working exclusively as Health Insurance Companies. 334 insurance broking companies, 800+ corporate agents and thousands of banks have entered in insurance business. Third Party Administer (TPAs) Companies in Health Sector are 29 and TPAs growing in Automobile and Legal Sector. The specialized functions in insurance sector are slowly outsourced and lot many new companies will enter in this area. International insurance surveyors, loss assessors, adjuster, underwriters, claim settlers, have already entered in India and expanding their business activities. Even the world insurance and finance giants like Warren Buffet, Lloyds, Munich Re, Swiss Re, have entered in India. * Health insurance is developing as separate branch of Insurance. It is expected that the number of health insurance companies will be equal to the number of life insurance companies in near future. Bancassurance is also developing as Separate branch of Insurance. People is India have more faith in banks than insurance agents. Many banks have already entered into insurance business and lot more in pipeline. Banks find insurance as growth vehicle. At present only GIC of India is the reinsurance company in the country. But government is now thinking over allowing many more international reinsurance companies in India. In few years, we may find 5 independent branches of insurance in India as Life, General, Health, Bancassurance & Reinsurance. * India is becoming Insurance Hub of the world. Giant insurance companies from across the globe are outsourcing core insurance functions to India. IT infrastructure in the country and new generation Indian Talent are attracting world insurance business for core functions for cost effective solutions. Indian software companies are leading in this race. Even BPO in Insurance Sector is growing very fast. All this require technical and domain skills sets of Insurance functions. This IT, ITES and BPO business in Insurance Sector from outside India is expected to rise to 1000 Billion US $ by 2025 It is believed that next boom is in insurance sector. Insurance will play key role in boosting economy further. In India, next 25 years will be dominated by Insurance Sector. The growth is expected at horizontal as well as vertical levels. It will be from inside the country and from outside the country. Changing Scenario in Insurance Business in India * Insurance was strictly dominated by Agents and Development officers till 2000. But IRDA has opened up new distribution channels such as Corporate Agent, Insurance Broker, Bancassurance, Mallasurance, Online Sale of Insurance, Direct Sale, etc. These new channels are growth engines of the insurance industry. One interesting aspect of this growth is that Insurance Sector is heading towards SERVICING from merely Selling. The mantra of â€Å"Sell it and Forget it† is now converting as â€Å"Service & Retain Client†. This requires Core insurance knowledge and not merely Selling Expertise. * The commission rates of insurance agents are slowly getting downward trend. The servicing of client is now taken care by customer servicing department. The Technology has now key role in policyholders servicing and provides better knowledge and expertise than agents. Companies are now offering new gate ways for renewal commissions like through internet banking, ATMs, ECS, Mobile banking, etc. It has reduced the dependency of policyholders on agents for timely renewal of existing policies. * Government is slowly removing the Income Tax rebates from insurance policies. It has already signaled the same and introduced few provisions in current budget by restricting the percentage of amount of premium with the sum assured of any policy. * Product Development and new innovative policies has changed the olden rules of the selling game. Merely begging for insurance or forcing a policy will not exist anymore. The 35 % commissioned policy selling dominance will be eroded. . * Insurance is Risk Cover or Investment is a matter of debate but common policyholder is now diverting to PURE Insurance products such as Term Insurance. The ULIP Story between IRDA and SEBI has focused on a need of domain insurance talent. * There is certainly reasonable improvement in policyholder’s awareness and knowledge about insurance. Government, IRDA and NGOs like FIBLI, insurance companies and related stake holders are concentrating on customer education, literacy and awareness about insurance products and services through advertisements, seminars, workshops, comics, e-literature, animated films, etc. * As Insurance need is vertical as well as horizontal, the insurance business is spreading across the country. Insurance companies are focusing and spreading network in rural markets as it has huge potential. Technological development is helping this drive of rural expansion. * Health Insurance and Bancassurance sectors will grow drastically. General Insurance Sector will also develop. In life Insurance Sector, Term Insurance Business will dominate. * In future, Online Insurance will have a key role in new business. * It will be difficult to get insurance claims in future. There will be huge scope for Claim consultants who will help people to get insurance claims. * Insurance sector will slowly dominate the economy and there will be overall developments in insurance sector. There will huge revenue generation form insurance business in India as well as outsourced insurance business from outside India. Employability Potential in Insurance Sector As insurance sector is growing with 20% rate, there will be a huge requirement of Insurance professionals in the country. * NSDC Report – National Skill Development Corporation has estimated the job creations of 2 Million persons in insurance and banking sector by 2021 in its latest report. * CII Report – The recent survey of Confederation of Indian Industries estimated that there is a need of @ 21 lakhs insurance educated employees by 2025. * ASSOCHEM Report on Insurance Sector – It has pointed out on employability potential in Insurance Sector in its latest report. The report has estimated manpower requirement to be 30 Lakhs by 2030. The job creation in insurance sector will be across the country as insurance business is spreading across the country. The innovative distribution channels will play a vital role in insurance penetration and of course, technology will be a great supportive tool for this development. The manpower is required across the country. Insurance companies, banks and financial services providers are focusing and spreading network in rural markets as it has huge potential. It will generate huge employability not only at Metro and urban areas but at semi urban and rural levels, too. At present there are 52 companies, 334 brokers, 1200 + banks, 29 TPAs, 2000 IT, ITES & BPO companies, 400 surveyor and other insurance services provider companies are working in India. The number will rise to double or triple in next 8 to 10 years. These companies will have offices across the country and will generate jobs across the country. Career Development Path in Insurance Sector Till IRDA, insurance career was dominated by selling activity. It is the assumed misconception that any career in insurance sector will have to be connected with selling of insurance products. The Insurance Agents and Development Officers community in the country has coloured insurance policy selling with either begging of insurance or forcing for insurance. The rebating in insurance premium has eroded insurance profession as under privileged one. After IRDA and entry of corporate insurance companies, the face of insurance career was always compared with the face of poor insurance agent. Career in Insurance was always neglected one and approach towards it was one of the ridiculous one. But the situation is now changing drastically. Career in Insurance is not merely a selling activity. Insurance Sector require domain technical knowledge. The employees with core insurance competency can only grow henceforth. After a decade of privatization, corporate companies have understood that insurance is not a FMCG product and one must possess technical skills and fundamental knowledge to exist & grow in this market. Servicing will be key for growth and for this, one require domain expertise. For new entrants, any graduation with specialized diploma in insurance domain like underwriting, claims, motor insurance, health insurance, bancassurance, reinsurance, liability insurance, aviation insurance, engineering insurance, agricultural insurance, marine insurance, etc will be helpful to enter in insurance sector. One has to improve his academic qualification and scope of skills by adding various diplomas from various streams of insurance. As one grows with experience, this academic excellence and expansion will improve his employibilty and scope of promotions and growth. For existing employees, one has to improve his academic position along with experience. Mere experience will not help beyond certain limit. As we expect 49 % FDI and steep increase in number of insurance companies, the existing employees will have clear advantage to grow. But for this, they must obtain domains skills and competency through academic enhancement. The present employee in insurance sector should focus on overall and multi dimensional development in his capacities, skill sets and academic qualifications. The candidate with multifaceted core skills will have better opportunities over general candidate. He should not limit himself only to underwriting or claims. He should always seek for more and more knowledge. One can select a sector of insurance like Life or general or health for developing his career path but he should be equipped with qualifications and skills of other sectors also. It will widen the scope of opportunities available to him. Salary Packages In Insurance Sector As per the present scenario in Insurance Sector, one may join insurance company at entry level with a annual package of @ Rs.1.2 lakh to 1.5 Lakh. He may be designated as Associate or Assistant. In 3-4 years, he may grow to higher position with a scale of Rs. 3 to 4 Lakhs if he has academic qualifications with experience. After 6-8 years after joining insurance, one may easily grow to annual package of 7 to 10 Lakhs. After 12 to 15 years, one may dream to annual package of Rs.15 to 20 Lakhs. Of course, this needs academic up gradation and continuous improvement of domain skills. This trend may continue for next 20 years as there is long term and inside outside country potential. The speed of career growth and expansion is smooth and fast in insurance sector than perhaps any other sector in the country. But it needs hard work, academic excellence and aggressive approach towards opportunities. I will share one practical example here. The employees who joined insurance sector in the newly entrant companies like Bajaj Allianz, HDFC, ICICI etc between 2001 to 2003 were drawing annual salary package of 1.5 to 2.5 lakhs. They are now grown to key positions in new companies after 8 to 10 years with annual packages of Rs.20 to 25 Lakhs. Some of them have even clinched packages of 40 to 50 Lakhs per annum. Skill Sets Requirements by Insurance Sector At present, man power requirements are basically skilled based. Employees with academic qualifications are encouraged for promotions. Fresher with academic qualification in insurance are preferred. At present, Insurance Companies recruit freshers and train them for 6 months or one year. But the attrition rate is so high that more than 42 % of new recruits leaves the company. Insurance companies are seriously concerned over the expenditure on training and the rate of turnout. They are looking for employees who have been already trained and having domain academic qualifications. Insurance Companies have found that domain knowledge will improve selling, servicing, operations and all other functions. New companies prefer persons with experience and academic qualifications. Skill sets required by the insurance sector are underwriting skills, claim handling skills, operational skills, servicing skills, risk assessment and classification skills, insurance product skills, distribution channel operating skills, coordination skills, IT skills with domain knowledge, insurance accountancy skills, etc.

A Doll House

Marriage, as an institution, facilitates the union of man and woman enabling them to raise a family. The wellbeing and happiness of the family depends equally on the man and the woman. But this equality is imperceptible in married relations, even in the modern society. The woman always compromises for the sake of her family and abandons her freedom.The play â€Å"A Doll House† by Henrik Ibsen depicts the situation of a married woman, Nora Helmer who has to repress her desires and behave according to the wish of her husband, Torvald. The title of the play denotes the house of Nora and Torvald who behave like dolls owing to their circumstances.Although Nora is a skilled and wise woman, her husband regards her to be an asinine and childish woman. â€Å"Nora! Are your scatterbrains off again?† (Ibsen & Fjelde 44). When Torvald was ill, Nora was the one who saved his life with the aid of money borrowed from Krogstad. But she refrained from revealing about the borrowed money to her husband so that his pride is not hurt.She also worked secretly to repay the debt. But she presents herself before her husband in a manner which pleases him. Her husband thinks that Nora is a silly woman and Nora continues to act like a one before him. Nora lives in her house like a doll whose strings are in the hands of her husband. Similarly, Torvald is a doll who leads his life in accordance to the expectations of the people working with him and the society.He is more concerned about other people’s thoughts regarding him and his married life rather than the feelings of his own wife. The title â€Å"A Doll House† is significant in bringing forth the lives of Nora and Torvald which resembles a doll’s life in various aspects. Like a doll, the lives of Nora and Torvald are not under their own control. Their actions and behavior are influenced by their circumstances. Nora behaves as her husband wants her to behave and Torvald acts in a manner which is accept ed by the society in which he is living with his wife.Works CitedIbsen, Henrik & Fjelde, Rolf. A Doll House. Signet Classic. 1992.   

Fashion Fundamentals Test Review

The designer who creates designs for several manufacturers, is called a High fashion or name designer Stylist- designer Freelance designer The secondary level of the fashion industry is composed of: Is composed of growers and producers of the raw materials of fashion Ђ Is the ultimate distribution level Is the retailer Is composed of manufacturers and contractors of finished apparel Is the level that functions with all other levels simultaneously The primary level of the fashion industry is composed of: 5. True or False Licensing is a legal arrangement whereby firms are given permission to produce and market merchandise in the name of the licensor for a specific per 6. True or False Lines encompass an entire seasons production from a designer 7. True or False odd of time.There is no difference in price point or market location between a line and a election. 8. True or False A knock off is a copy of an original designer garment. 9. True or False An anchor piece for a collection is a piece that sold well at retail therefore it is re cut/ remade in new fabric for the current season. 10. Spring I is shown (circle one) October and November January February March None of the above 11. Resort is shown (circle one) 12. True or False Merchandisers are the links that hold the entire product development process together. They are the link between the design staff, production facilities and the sales staff. True or False The manufacturer does it all from sales, product development to shipping product. He final In stage four of the production process garments are shown to retailers Cutting involves (circle 3 of the below) Making a marker Grading a pattern Spreading the fabric on a cutting room table Bundling the pattern pieces Finishing involves (circle 3 of the below) Sewing on buttons Dyeing Attaching labels Washing to prevent shrinkage Floor ready procedures include (circle 3 of the below) Labeling cartons Adding sales tickets / bar codes to garments Completion of sh ipping documents Packing properly with correct hangers Private labels are owned by a retailer and only found in their stores. Specification buying is when the retailer tells the manufacturer their standards before they place an order. Offshore production is the practice of producing goods within the country of origin. Manufacturers/ designers produce product only within their category. (For example: a coat manufacturer only produces coats/ outerwear) Designer price zones are considered: The highest price point Bridge price pointModerate price point Budget price point Please select the price point for product that is sold in the moderate market (Guess, Esprit, Levi Strauss is examples) The major market centers are: (circle 2) New York Houston Dallas Chicago Marts consist of exhibition spaces that house wholesale markets Haute Couture losses money itself but creates profitability through licenses, pr ©t a porter lines and franchising. Pr ©t a Porter is fashion that is â€Å"custo m made or made to measure† Semi Annual â€Å"Prà ªt† shows are held in the below capitals: (circle 3) Paris Milan London Geneva Rome Which European fashion market city is known and respected for its luxury textiles, handwork, leather goods and accessories. 30. Compare and contrast the roles of the designer versus the merchandiser? They both research trends, colors, and fabrics using forecasters. Designers sketch the piece while the merchandisers figure out the right prices, places, quantity, etc. 31 . How does a Jobber differ from a manufacturer?The Jobber handles the designing, planning, cutting, selling, and shipping, but not the sewing 33. What is a chargeable? Retailers way of financially penalizing the manufacturer for late, incomplete, mistaken, or wrong ticketing issues on garments 34. What role do factors play in the fashion industry? Fund the deals by purchasing accounts receivable or lending money 35. What are the six stages of the product development process ? 1 . Plan line 2. Create design concept 3. Develop design 4. Plan production 5. Produce 6. Distribute 36. Name the major market centers in the USA. Miami, New York, Dallas, Los Angels, Chicago 37. Name the major market centers in Europe. London, Paris, Milan

Crash by Paul Haggis Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Crash by Paul Haggis - Movie Review Example From this study it is clear that the movie has proved to be quite interesting; it is quickly enough understood that who the characters are and how they live, but we wonder about their behaviour to each accident they face throughout the whole movie. Mostly for variations people watch movies which enact rituals. "Crash" on the other is a movie that shows free will, and that there are vast possibilities for anything to occur. The movie plays its vital part in wrapping the viewers and getting them involved because as we go on, we develop a sense of care for the characters.This paper highlights that Officer Hansen in the movie, in my opinion proves to be a very fascinating character. He is a white male who seemingly lived in a typical neighbourhood and fairly has the same normal views of an individual who comes from similar social background. Officer Hansen is a considerate young man who doesn’t care about people’s social indifference. He is completely dissimilar to his part ner Officer Ryan who doesn’t treat people of different race equally.  In the late beginning of the movie he encounters a conflict between his partner and a black couple where his partner took advantage of his position and tried to vulgarly abuse the black man’s wife just because of the racial difference which was highly disliked by Officer Hansen.  Officer Hansen is shown to be a common white man with a typical background.

Salah Aldin (captur of juresalum Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Salah Aldin (captur of juresalum - Article Example The two most significant sites for Muslims in Jerusalem are Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock, which like the Ka’ba’ is based over a sacred stone. Above all, it is regarded as the third-holiest city in the Muslim perspective, after Mecca and Medina. Further, is it perceived that verse 44 of chapter 43 of the Koran was revealed in the city of Jerusalem: â€Å"Ask those of our messengers we went before thee-Have we appointed apart from the All-Merciful, gods to be served?† It is therefore the hope of all Muslims that this holy City will be restored to a peaceful land. How Salah Aldin took back Jerusalem In 1099, Jerusalem was dominated by the Christians in the First Crusade. In the year 1095, Pope Urban VII delivered an influential speech at the Council of Clermont following the Byzantines request for him to provide a military help against the growing threatening Seljuk Turks. This gave the Pope a chance to complete two objectives; to stop the European prince s and kings from conflicting themselves and to reunite the Western and Eastern empires of Rome. Pope Urban requested for a â€Å"Truce of God† between the rulers of Europe and begged them to restore the holy land from Muslims. It was from this point that the first Crusaders started the extensive trip to the East. They crossed strange lands they knew little about; they also had no idea of the military powers and flaws of the cities and communities they came across. On their arrival in Jerusalem in 1099, they were able to capture the prominent city from the Muslims. The Christians utilized cruel techniques to overpower the Muslims during this so called â€Å"Holy War.† Christians controlled Jerusalem for 89 years, till when a brilliant Egyptian King named Salah-al-Din took it back forcibly in1187 (Ali, 1999). During the capture, Saladin was so determined to deliver Jerusalem from the Christian influence. Unlike the Crusaders, Saladin never used the brutal ways on the Inh abitants. He instead showed mercy and restraint upon the Crusaders; he permitted them to stay or leave harmless, as they did wished. Most chose to leave, but left with masses of golden ornaments and church treasures, Saladin never minded so that he could avoid harming them. He even assigned his army to escort them safely to Tyre. On of the Chroniclers commented on Saladin’s humane treatment saying, â€Å"Who could not endure the suffering of the refugees, ordered their squires to dismount and set aged Christians upon their steeds. Some of them even carried Christian children in their arms."(Maalouf 1989). Most people complained of Saladin’s techniques, lamenting that the Muslim had no leader like Saladin and they should be grateful to him for setting up the Crusader protection of Tyre. However, this was just his character and wisdom. When his secretaries criticized about his compassion in the taking back of Jerusalem, Saladin said to them, â€Å"we will allow it to b e a victory that the world shall remember for all time.†According to Maaalouf, as compared to European conquest of the city, Saladin’s capture of Jerusalem was far more elegant and less bloody. The mosques had been ransacked and destroyed by the Christians. However, Saladin conserved and refurnished the churches as well as allowing the Byzantine patriarch to rule them directly. They prayed freely in their holy places, and Saladin handed over Christian

How is Let America be America applicable to today's America Essay

How is Let America be America applicable to today's America - Essay Example He is saddened that America has lost it way and says that he never felt true freedom in the USA. He appeals to the reader and indeed the general public at large that they should work to bring back America to the status of the leader of the free world. This poem was written in 1935 in the Great Depression Era (Rampersad, 4) but is relevant even today. Explanation This selection consists of two stanzas. In the first stanza (Hughes, 725) the poet says that the USA should revert to the ideal of being a dream fulfilled, as the leader of the free world. Just like the part of mankind searching for freedom from oppression, America should be a pioneer in ensuring that people enjoy freedom from oppression and enjoy civil liberties as their basic right, across the civilized world. This is a democratic ideal and America has been known to champion the cause of democracy across the world in the present times. It regards democracy to be the best system of Government because the people elect their o wn representatives who then are entrusted with the duty of serving the people in the most effective and efficient manner.

Arguments for and against the Legitimacy of 2003 Invasion of Iraq Literature review

Arguments for and against the Legitimacy of 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Literature review Example Right through its history, America has not hesitated to use force under the pretexts of principles, sovereignty, and justice.   American military intervention in world affairs has risen drastically since the end of the Second World War.   The period following the Second World War saw America assume the role of a superpower that headed the western coalition in what was a bipolar world.   Since the collapse of Soviet Union, America has had at its disposal the most potent military force.   Its economic structure complements military spending; leading to a military industrial complex. Noted political commentator Ivo Daalder raises some valid questions regarding the legitimacy of the invasion.   Daalder argues that the invasion was illegitimate on two counts: 1.there was no provocation from Iraq and 2.the United Nations Security Council did not approve of the war.   Military actions of countries such as Iran and North Korea were condemned by the U.N. and the United States alike.   If the same standards were to be applied to all participant countries then the United States deserves its condemnation. On the other hand, supporters of the Bush Administration argue that toppling Saddam Hussein was a just act that needs no further legitimacyÃ'ŽÂ   Liberating the country from an oppressive dictatorship is deemed a just act in and of itself.   Apart from the geopolitical significance of Bush Administration’s militarism, the image of the country is also at stake.   Popular opinion in the rest of the world is very unfavorable towards Americans – they don’t seem to make a distinction between the government and its populace.   According to Robert Kagan, â€Å"To forge a renewed political consensus on the use of force, we first need to recognize that international legitimacy does matter. It matters to Americans, who want to believe they are acting justly and are troubled if others accuse them of selfish, immoral or otherwise illegitimate behavior. It matters to our democratic friends and allies, whose support may attest to the justness of the cause and whose participation may often be necessary to turn a military victory into a lasting political success.†

Tension between Liberty and Morality, Liberty and Patriotism Assignment

Tension between Liberty and Morality, Liberty and Patriotism - Assignment Example There are many human concerns and needs that differ with respect to the difference in social values. There are also some general ethics people should be taken into account before doing or transmitting any idea/action in society. More the people take care of the needs/concerns ethics of the people associated with their behavior towards a certain matter it will be more easy for the government to give liberty to the people. On the other hand if one will not take into account the above-mentioned factors than there are greater chances of losing all the freedom he/she has in society. This principle is applicable to individuals to masses of society. Traffic laws are a good example of this principle. If traffic rules are followed strictly by the people there will be fewer accidents and this will also lead less set of laws to be followed while driving. On the other hand, if people do not care about traffic laws and take the liberty to do anything they want on roads will lead to more accident and also more strictness by the authorities (Bambenek, 2005).It is the job of government or society to give its people a minimum standard of living and to provide them maximum civil rights. On the other hand, people should take more responsibility for their actions and place less blame on the government for the problems they are facing. Human history is an open prove of the fact that a complete failure had occurred whenever people started placing all the blame on the government instead of taking responsibility to perform certain actions themselves. Throughout human history, many governments have come and gone whenever people rely on the government to meet their basic needs. In the USA owing a house is not out of the reach of majority people yet their houses can be taken by the government and given to other people paying more money to the government for the same house. The idea of capitalism failed due to total reliance of the people on their government for every need. On the other h and complete failure also occurred whenever the government had tried to suppress people beyond limits. Failure of different dictators of the world is a common example of it. The conclusion is that one should take into account of moral values of the society before doing anything or promoting ideas that will affect the people of the society to enjoy liberty given to it by society and government (Llosa,2011).

Anything a high school girl would write Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Anything a high school girl would write - Essay Example I reported the act to the authorities so that action could be taken against the wrongdoers. The incident took place after a few months of the beginning of my high school. The victim was a very sweet boy from our class. He was very shy but he was always ready to help everyone. During one of my free periods, I noticed in the corridor that this boy was surrounded by many students of the senior classes. He was standing there and could not do anything. They were slapping him and taunting him for no reason. They snatched his glasses and walked from there laughing. I was watching everything and I did not understand that what I should do. I knew it that my reporting of the incident would result in problems for me as the seniors would also turn against me. I thought for a while and I understood that it was my duty to stand by what was right irrespective of the consequences. I immediately went to the coordinator to report of the incident. The coordinator took a prompt action. She called all the students involved in the act and she issued warning letters to these students. She also called their parents and the matter was forwarded to the principal. Strong action was taken against the students and they were suspended from school. The student who was bullied was not seen in school for many days but he joined in after a few days and he was very quiet and stayed alone. The coordinator arranged counseling sessions for him to overcome the effects that the bullying had left on him. He started to improve and was good again. This incident taught me an important thing that a person should always stand by what is right and should not worry about the consequences. A person should help people who are in need. Furthermore, programs for ending this act of bullying should be designed for assisting students and for the maintenance of a healthy educational environment. This is because the years of school are important for everyone and such unhealthy incidents serve to

Like Water for Chocolate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Like Water for Chocolate - Essay Example According to the De La Garza family tradition, the last-born daughter was not supposed to marry, or she would do so after taking care of her mother until her death. This role fell into the hands of Tita, who happened to be last born. As the family doctor, I pitied the role Tita had gotten as her birth right. It was a tradition that was both selfish, on the mother’s part, and denied Tita equal opportunities like her sisters’. Being a doctor from the United States of America, I saw this as a major infringement on Tita’s rights. When Tita fell in love with a young man named Pedro, I saw this as a chance for her to escape from traditional bondage. I was highly disappointed when Pedro was denied her hand in marriage because Mama Elena disallowed the marriage citing tradition that Tita can only marry after she is dead (Esquivel 78). According to my opinion, Mama Elena’s mistreatment and cruelty on Tita on numerous occasions, represents the same kind of treatment the civilians were receiving from the dictatorship, in governance (Esquivel 43). When Mama Elena imposed the marriage of Rosaura to Pedro, instead of Tita, strengthened my perception of the country’s leadership that was strongly rooted, in a tradition, which it used to oppress the civilians. I yearned for the day Tita would stand up to her mother and do as she wished. When Gertrudis run away and get banished by her mother, she had to come back as a general with the revolution (Esquivel 98). This gave me hope that it would be a sign to Tita, and other women, in Mexico that they can stand up against oppression and triumph. The day Tita stood up against her mother’s ghost and banished it, gave me a piece of mind since it showed me that she had acquired enough strength to be rid of her mother’s domination once and for all. The death of Roberto, Rosaura and Pedro’s son was a blessing in disguise because it gave me another chance at love. I fell in love

PBL3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PBL3 - Essay Example There is no antibody production. There is destruction of the tissues involved and the organs fail to maintain their normal function. B. Cytopathic autoantibodies: This is the correct answer. Antibodies that are directed against one or more of the individuals own proteins are known as autoantibodies. Cytopathic autoantibodies cause degeneration of the cells they affect. In Graves disease, the autoantibodies are directed against the TSH receptor and mimics action of TSH, stimulating adenyl cyclase and increased release of thyroid hormones resulting in thyrotoxicosis. The antibody is known as long-acting thyroid stimulator or thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin. Another similar autoantibody called thyroid growth stimulating immunoglobulins cause growth of thyroid follicular epithelium. Similar T cell mediated autoantibody response causes infiltrative ophthalmopathy (Maitra, p.1172). C. Delayed type hypersensitivity: Inflammatory reactions initiated by mononuclear leukocytes are known as delayed hypersensitivity reactions. These reactions are mediated by T cells and monocytes/macrophages rather than by antibodies and are major mechanism of defense against various intracellular pathogens. They also occur in transplant rejection and tumor immunity. This reaction is not seen in Graves disease. Hence this is not the correct answer (Hinshaw, eMedicine). D. Immediate hypersensitivity: Immediate hypersensitivity is an allergic reaction provoked by re-exposure to a specific type of antigen referred to as an allergen. The plasma cells secrete IgE. The effects of this reaction are vasodilatation and smooth-muscle contraction. Hence this is not the correct answer. E. Immune complex disease: Combination of an epitope with an antibody is immune complex reaction. The effects are due to deposition of these complexes in various organs. This type of reaction is not seen in Graves disease. Hence this is not

The Carbone family Essay Example for Free

The Carbone family Essay In A View From The Bridge, the audience is introduced with three prominent characters who are Eddie Carbone, Catherine Carbone and Beatrice Carbone. All of these characters show their unique qualities in the sense that Eddie is a much more demanding person, whereas Beatrice can be seen as a weaker person who is inclined to follow her husband Eddie in a patriarchal society and Catherine who is loose in terms of her actions and naive through her words. The familys values are very strict as the reader can infer from the story of Vinny Bolzano. First of all, Eddie Carbone is a simple person who is a victim of circumstances but he also contributes to his own downfall. He works as a longshoreman at the Brooklyn Docks. Eddie is characteristically uneducated but still is a very hardworking man. He is presented as being dignified and having integrity by being proud and honest. These characteristics are seen from him when he says to Beatrice that, All Im worried about is you got such a heart too big a heart. This shows that Eddie is observant and he is mindful of the fact that his wife can be over-exploited at occasions like when he describes the story of his father-in-laws house burning down. He believes he should be the leader of his house. This can be seen as he talks to Catherine about her new job as a stenographer, Why didnt you ask me before you take a job? This shows that he wanted Catherine to ask for permission and to authorise it from himself. This manly character of Eddie means that he feels as the boss of his house and that he would be insulted if not done otherwise. This is one of the cause of his collapse at the end of the story being too masculine that he couldnt show his emotions as everything was bottled inside. Eddie is also an affectionate and big-hearted man, which can be seen by his esteem for Marco and Rodolfo when they come to stay. For example at what time Marco tells Eddie in a formal manner, that when you say go, we will go Eddies response to this was that theyre welcome he also adds that theyve got plenty of room here. Eddie also believes in family loyalties, this is mainly due to the tightly bound Sicilian community that he comes from originally. Eddie is over-protective towards Catherine and this can be seen from the apparel that Catherine wears and shows it to Eddie in a very excitedly manner. This is shown when he says I think its too short. Eddie feels more affection for Catherine than is natural for a man towards his niece. Catherine, I dont want to be a pest, but Im tellin you youre walkin wavy. Eddie said this phrase when Catherine wears a new skirt she had brought, to show Eddie. He is concerned that she will receive attention from men, which Eddie doesnt like as he thinks of Catherine as his. He also says you isnt all the girls. Here Eddie means that Catherine is his, and that he is much more demanding of her Catherine should only do what he says her to do. All of these factors motivate Eddie to be over-protective of Catherine. Due to Eddies strong beliefs in the Traditional Italian Values it has a great effect on his own life and the lives of those surrounding him, so when Catherine proposes the job as a stenographer, Eddie strongly opposes this, whereby he wants to keep Catherine away from other men, (sickened) I know that neighbourhood B. , I dont like it ,however this could also be because of his traditional views whereby the male is the breadwinner, and will provide for the family, and if Catherine too brings in money for the house then Eddie may take it as an assault on his manhood. Also due to Eddies traditional Italian values he is immensely proud as is expected, and therefore will never admit that he is wrong or admit his unacceptable feelings for Catherine.

Methods of Lipid Analysis in Food

Methods of Lipid Analysis in Food Lipids are defined as the biomolecules whose solubility in water is less than that in non-polar solvents. This definition puts structurally distinct classes of compounds such as fatty acids, terpenes, steroids, prostaglandins and carotenes in the same class (Carey Giuliano, 2014). Other definition for lipid has also been suggested (Eoin, et al., 2005). They perform a variety of functions in living system including but not limited to structural integrity, energy storage, digestion and communication (Nelson Cox, 2005). Although lipids are essential for many body functions, not all lipids are required in same amount. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) recommends that total fat of the food contribute to 20-35% of energy for adults. This should include 8% saturated fatty acid(SFA), 11% poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and less than 1% trans fatty acid (TFA) (FAO, 2010). Chances of insulin resistance is more in overweight person in high SFA diet (Lovejoy, et al., 2002). Similarly, excessive TFA intake also increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (Song, et al., 2015). Fat content also affects taste. It is proposed that fat has a unique taste Oleogustus that is dependent of chain length and is unique from five conventional tastes: sweetness, sourness, bitterness, saltiness and umami (Running, Craig, Mattes, 2015). Butter produced from milk with high unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) was found to be more spreadable, softer and less adhesive (Bobe, Hammond, Freeman, Lindberg, Beitz, 2003). As the fat content and type effects health as well as taste and texture, it is essential to know the fat content of food. Fat sample is characterized by a variety of criteria and methods. The selection of the criteria and method depends upon the sample type, purpose, accuracy, precision, legal requirement as well as available funds. Hence, despite having limited significance for nutritional purpose, total lipid (TL) measurement is widely carried out as many food labelling regulations require the TL report. Similarly, iodine value can be used for unsaturation study when sophisticated chromatography or spectroscopy methods are unavailable (Greenfield Southgate, Review of methods of analysis, 2003). This review intends to compile the available methods of lipid analysis of food products. Focus will be given on the type of sample required, result provided, resolving capacity of each criteria and method. Only brief discussion will be done on the theoretical and experimental process of the method. Sample preparation is very essential part of analysis of lipid sample. A separate section is dedicated to sample preparation.          In order to analyze the lipid, suitable sample must be prepared. If the sample has lipid inside cells (such as meat) the lipid should be extracted from the cells (Christie Han, Lipid Analysis, 2012). Samples must undergo some pretreatment before they can be used as test sample. Depending on the nature of sample one or more of the following work is necessary. 2.1. Storage Vessel Plastic container should be strictly avoided to store lipids. Plasticizers can leach into the sample and contaminate it. Glass vessels or Teflon coated vessels should be used. The atmosphere should be argon or nitrogen to prevent oxidation. (Christie Han, Lipid Analysis, 2012) 2.2. Protection from Oxidation Unsaturated fatty acids are prone to oxidation from atmospheric oxygen. Once the oxidation starts, autocatalysis accelerates the process. Different products are formed during oxidation and it may follow various mechanisms. Light, heat, metals, enzyme are known to catalyze the reaction (Angelo, 1996) Oxidation interferes with lipid analysis not only by destroying the unsaturated fats but also by formation of conjugated double bonds which show strong absorption at UV, thus providing false positive results (Christie Han, Lipid Analysis, 2012) Elimination of oxygen is the major step in prevention of oxidation. Therefore, all steps should be done in nitrogen atmosphere as far as possible. Equipment should be flushed with nitrogen before experiments. Small amount of antioxidant like 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol, which do not interfere with analytical process, may be added. Excess of these antioxidant should not be used as they can facilitate oxidation in high concentration. (Christie Han, Lipid Analysis, 2012) 2.3. Drying of Sample Lipid sample containing water can make analysis difficult and might be a source of error. Solvents cannot penetrate sample with >8% moisture easily. Hygroscopic solvents like diethyl ether can absorb the moisture, decreasing its extraction efficiency. Low moisture also facilitates grinding and increases the surface area of sample (Shahidi Wanasindara, 2008). Petroleum spirit, the most widely used solvent requires completely dried sample. (Greenfield Southgate, Review of methods of analysis, 2003) Depending on the type of water present (free, adsorbed or water of hydration) different methods may be required for water removal (Bradley, Jr, 2010). Care should be taken during drying as high temperature might lead to decomposition and combination of lipids with other components. These associated lipids cannot be extracted by solvents. Lyophilization (freeze-drying) and vacuum drying methods are preferred drying methods. (Shahidi Wanasindara, 2008) 2.4. Particle size reduction (Grinding) Solid food sample might need grinding. Grinding increases the surface area and decreases the length through which solvent need to penetrate the sample (Min Ellefson, 2010). Care should be taken that the particles are not too fine, too much heat is generated or too much moisture is lost. (IUPAC, 1979) 2.5. Hydrolysis Lipids in food may be bound ionically or covalently with non-lipid components such as carbohydrate or protein. Solvents are not able to extract them efficiently. Therefore, lipid needs to be hydrolyzed with acid or alkali to turn them into free state. Significant error in lipid extraction is reported when no hydrolysis is carried out. (Min Ellefson, 2010) Hydrolysis also breaks emulsified fat. (Shahidi Wanasindara, 2008) Acid hydrolysis is used for most foods except diary and high sugar content food which require alkaline hydrolysis. Hydrolysis is not preferred when the lipid extract needs to be further analyzed for fatty acid components because they can cause decomposition and oxidation of the sample components. (Greenfield Southgate, Review of methods of analysis, 2003) The given sample of food might not be entirely lipid. The amount of lipid in the food sample is called total lipid concentration. It is usually expressed as percentage or per 100gm food (Moreau, 2005). Although total lipid is widely used for food labelling and regulation of food composition, it has limited value as it does not provide the type of molecule in the lipid. (Greenfield Southgate, Review of methods of analysis, 2003) There are various methods to determine total lipid in food like solvent extraction, non-solvent extraction, instrumental methods. The selection of methods depends on a number of factor which is discussed below. 3.1. Solvent Extraction In solvent extraction, the lipid component of the food is extracted by dissolving in suitable organic solvent(s). The solvent selectively dissolves the lipid while leaving the non-lipid portion undissolved. The solvent is then evaporated to leave fat residue. Total lipid is then determined gravimetrically as: -(i) The above data gives the total fat. However, a significant portion of the fat includes glycerol (from triglycerides) phospholipids and other unsaponifiable matters. Thus, corrections are required so as to represent the correct amount of fatty acids in the sample. The correction factor is provided by FAO. (Greenfield Southgate, Appendix 5, 2003) The extracted portion of solvent extraction is highly dependent on solvent use. Hence selection of solvent is discussed in detail next. Solvent Selection Ideal solvent should extract all lipids and lipids only. However, due to wide range of polarity of different lipid types, no single solvent can provide an ideal solution. Moreover, the solvent selected should preferably be low boiling, non-flammable, non-toxic in liquid as well as solid, easily disposable after extraction, inexpensive and non- hygroscopic. It should also penetrate sample thoroughly (Min Ellefson, 2010). Petroleum ether is the most commonly used solvent for its selectivity towards lipid, cost and availability. However, diethyl ether is better solvent for lipids but its fire hazard and hygroscopic nature makes it less favorable than petroleum ether. Ethyl ether and petroleum ether is also sometimes used alternately or together for extraction. (Pomeranz Meloan, 1994) n-hexane is preferred for oil extraction. (IUPAC, 1979) Mixture of polar and non-polar solvents has shown to extract all the lipids from most food. However, care should be given so as to prevent extraction of unwanted portion. The lipids extracted by this method without hydrolysis is suitable for further treatment to determine fatty acid fractions. (Greenfield Southgate, Review of methods of analysis, 2003) Alcohol-ether can be used to remove fat from tissue. Water-butanol is used in cereals. Chloroform-methanol is preferred for animal tissue (Pomeranz Meloan, 1994). Solvent extraction is the standard method of analysis for many types of food. Hence, it is widely used and is undergoing continuous improvement. There are different types of solvent extraction, each with its pros and cons. 3.1.1. Batch Extraction Batch extraction is a very simple, yet widely used method of extraction. The sample is mixed with one or more solvent which along with endogenous water (if any) forms multiple layer of varying concentration. As the lipids are more soluble in non-polar solvents than in water, lipid portion goes to the layer with more solvents and non-lipid component remains in the layer with more water. The lipid part is then separated using a separating funnel. The separation is based on partition principle hence multiple extraction of the aqueous phase is necessary to obtain most of the lipid. The weight of lipid not extracted is given by the equation below: (Pomeranz Meloan, 1994) -(ii) Where, is the weight of lipid remaining, the volume of aqueous layer, volume of solvent in each extraction step, the distribution ratio of lipid in solvent, the number of extraction steps. The selection of solvent is then done using the distribution ratio of lipids in known solvents. Folch method uses chloroform-methanol extraction followed by washing with water. This extracts all lipid from tissue except strandin which remains with the non-lipid phase. (Folch, 1957) Folch method was improved by Bligh and Dyer to improve the speed of extraction and purify the sample at the same time. (Bligh Dyer, 1959) Extraction using low toxicity solvents like hexane: propanol has also been developed. (Hara Radin, 1978) Batch extraction is usually slow and requires a large amount of solvent. When other faster and easier methods are available, this method is not preferred. However, as no sophisticated equipment is necessary, batch extraction is very useful where the cost of equipment outweighs the usefulness of more accurate data. 3.1.2. Continuous Extraction Continuous solvent extraction recycles the solvent used so that small amount of solvent can accomplish the equivalent extraction of several steps. This process is preferred for solid samples and sample where the distribution ratio is low. These samples need multi step extraction as very little lipid is extracted to the solvent in each step. (Pomeranz Meloan, 1994) Soxhlet extractor is widely used extractor for lipid. Although first developed to measure milk fat it has developed as a standard extractor for lipid as well as other substances. (Soxhlet, 1879) It has gone various improvements since its first publication and now various modifications are commercially available. Goldfish extraction is a faster extraction system which suspends the sample in the solvent vapour. Although faster than Soxhlet based system, it might not completely extract the lipid due to channeling i.e. solvent may take a preferential path in the solid sample and may not cover whole of the sample. (Moreau, 2005) As continuous extraction is faster and uses less solvents than batch extraction it is the most widely used extraction system. Moreover, the equipment used is not very expensive and can be used for extraction of other materials. However, these processes are slow and disposal of solvent is an everyday problem. 3.1.3. Pressurized Fluid Extraction Pressurized fluid extraction (PLE) is carried out in high pressure and high temperature. In literature, this process is also called Pressurized Solvent Extraction or Accelerated Solvent Extraction. The term ASE ®is the registered trademark of Dionex Corporation which manufactures pressurized fluid extraction apparatus commercially. (Dean, 2009) Richter et al. studied the effect of variables like temperature, pressure, solvent volume on extraction. Their work showed that the ASE ® extractor could provide results comparable to Soxhlet but with reduced extraction time and solvent volume. This is attributed to decreased viscosity of solvent, weaker bond between components and increased diffusion capacity of solvent at higher temperature. Increased pressure is primarily applied to keep the solvent liquid, however, it provides the added advantage of forcing the solvent into pores blocked by insoluble matter. (Richter, et al., 1996) However, there is evidence that PLE is not selective to lipids for certain foods. (Boselli, Velazco, Caboni, Lercker, 2001) Moreover, no significant difference was seen on lipid extracted from poultry meat between Folch, Soxlet or ASE ® method. (Toschi, Bendini, Ricci, Lercker, 2003) Pressurized solvent extraction can be highly useful in labs where routine extraction is required as it greatly reduces the extraction time and solvent use. On the other hand, the investment on the apparatus may not be economical if extraction is not carried out regularly. In all cases the stability of temperature sensitive components should be known before using PLE. 3.1.4. Supercritical Fluid Extraction Substance in temperature above its critical temperature and pressure is called supercritical fluid. (IUPAC, 1997) Solvent property of supercritical fluid was first demonstrated in 1879. (Hannay Hogarth, 1879) They have huge prospects in extraction because they combine the solubility power of liquid with penetration power of gas. Moreover, their solubility can be fine-tuned by changing the pressure and temperature. Carbon dioxide and water are the most promising fluid for supercritical extraction due to their non-toxicity and environmentally friendly nature. (Hedrick, Mulcahey, Taylor, 1992) 3.2. Non-Solvent Liquid Extraction In this method, the sample is treated with some liquid reagent which separates the lipid from sample and the lipid fraction is then measured. This method is mostly used to determine milk fat. They require specialized vessels for each method and cannot determine phospholipids. (McClements, 2003) Several methods are present: 3.2.1. Babcock Method 3.2.2. Gerber Method 3.2.3. Detergent Method 3.3. Instrumental Methods Different instrumental methods have been developed to determine the total lipid content of the sample. They rely on some physical properties that vary systematically with lipid concentration. (McClements, 2003) Based on the property measured it is mainly of three types: 3.3.1. Measuring Bulk Properties Density: Density decreases as lipid content increases. This relation can be used to know the percentage of fat in a sample. (McClements, 2003) Electrical Conductivity: Conductivity decreases as lipid content increases. Thus, it can be used as fat concentration measure. (McClements, 2003) Ultrasonic Velocity: This is a fast and non-invasive method for fat content calculation. Amplitude and brightness analysis can be used to find the fat content and also distribution. (Abdul, N, Mohd, Abu, Z, 2013) Moreover, attenuation(absorption) of ultrasound is linearly proportional to the amount of fat in the body. (Dukhin, Goetz, Travers, 2013) 3.3.2. Measuring Absorption of Radiation UV-VIS: Fatty Acid absorb UV light proportional to its concentration. This method requires sample preparation to remove substances like proteins and hydrophobic peptides which interfere with the measurement. (Forcato, Carmine, Echeverria, Pecora, Kivatinitz, 2005) Because of the extraction and dilution needed the process can be time consuming and labor intensive. (McClements, 2003) IR: Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is mainly used to analyze fatty acid content in food. (Mossoba, Azizian, Kramer, 2012) Fat show strong absorbance at 5.74 mm which provides rapid and online fat composition measure. (McClements, 2003) The carbonyl absorption is the major reason for lipids NIR activity. This method requires intensive calibration with other approved methods hence is mainly used for routine analyses of large number of similar sample. (Greenfield Southgate, Review of methods of analysis, 2003) NMR: NMR is also a non-destructive and fast method of total fat analysis. Although it requires a calibration curve, it is better suited than IR or UV because it can be operated by non-experts and the calibration curve is long lasting. (Oxford Instuments Molecular Biotools, 2010) X-Ray: Fat absorbs less X-Ray than lean meat. Hence, by building a proper calibration curve, fat content in meat can be determined by X-Ray absorption (McClements, 2003) 3.3.3. Measuring Scattering of Radiation Light and Ultrasonic Scattering: Light as well as ultrasound waves are scattered by oil droplets present in emulsions. The linear relation between concentration of droplet and light scattering can be used to measure total fat, provided no other interfering molecules exist. (McClements, 2003) X-Ray: Fat molecules show a sharp X-Ray scattering peak at 1.1 nm-1 while a water rich tissue shows a peak at 1.6nm-1. Thus, varying amount of fat can give a scattering profile which can be used for fat content determination. (Elshemey, 2011) 3.4. Other Methods 3.4.1. Solid Phase Extraction 3.4.2. Microwave Assisted Extraction Total Lipid Concentration is a very simple data about food. As lipid contain diverse chemical species, in addition to total lipid, the type of lipid and their distribution also plays a major role to determine the purity, nutritional value, aesthetic look and taste. Hence, complete information about the type of lipids is necessary for scientist as well as legal bodies. (McClements, 2003) Sample preparation is the most important part in most method to analyses lipids. As the lipid is extracted, care should be given to prevent the change of one form of lipid to another. Hydrolysis should be rigorously prevented as it reduces triglycerides and increases free fatty acids. Extraction should cause as less oxidation as possible. (Greenfield Southgate, Review of methods of analysis, 2003) Extraction in chloroform, chloroform-methanol and hexane-isopropanol is preferred. Storage of sample in cold at -20oC is preferred. (AAFCO Lab Methods Services Committee, 2014) The various method present have their advantages and drawbacks and the preferable method depends on the type of food and the type of lipid to me examined, (Greenfield Southgate, Review of methods of analysis, 2003) 4.1. Chromatography It is a very powerful tool for lipid analysis. It can give compete profile of the lipid molecules in the given sample. Chromatography separates the different components of lipid in fractions, these are then subject to spectrometric analysis which gives the molecular identity as well as relative concentration. IR, NMR and Mass Spectrometry are most commonly used. (McClements, 2003) These methods, although very reliable and comprehensive are very expensive due to the instrumental and reagent cost and is only carried out where complete molecular identification is required. (Greenfield Southgate, Review of methods of analysis, 2003) Three types are used: TLC: Thin Layer Chromatography is used to find concentration of different lipid groups. The TLC plate is prepared with suitable adsorbent and kept in proper solvent. A drop of sample is placed on one end and let to flow. The plate after separation to different fractions is compared to standard plates to identify the lipids. The spots can be analyzed further by GC, MS, NMR. (McClements, 2003) After the advent of HPLC, TLC use has decreased considerably. However, after the availability of pre-coated plates, the use of TLC for instant result is still carried out when there are few samples only. It is cheaper than HPLC. However, care during experimentation is required. (Christie, Thin-Layer Chromatography of Lipids, 2011) This method cannot be used to separate different types of phospholipids. (Zaima, Goto-Inoue, Adachi, Mitsutoshi, 2011) HPLC: High Performance Liquid Chromatography is now a preferred method for lipid analysis. This is because it is more versatile than TLC and operates at room temperature, thus can be used to analyses labile groups that cannot be done using GC. (Christie, Thin-Layer Chromatography of Lipids, 2011) GC: Gas Chromatography is the preferred method for analysis of trans fatty acid. It can also be used for triglycerides and fatty acids; however, methylation is necessary. (Greenfield Southgate, Review of methods of analysis, 2003) Fatty acids are non-volatile, hence before carrying out GC, the lipids are saponified and methylated to give Fatty Acid Methyl Esters(FAME) which are volatile and can be used for GC. (McClements, 2003) -(2) It is now possible to convert a lipid sample of a fraction of a milligram in size to the methyl ester derivatives, separate these by gas chromatography, and have a quantitative result in under one hour. (Christie, Chapter 1 Introduction and Summary, 2011) 4.2. Chemical Methods These methods are very cheap and do not require expensive machinery. However, only crude and average results are obtained. Following test gives different information on fat: Iodine Value: It gives the average degree of unsaturation in the lipid. The lipid to be analyzed is titrated with ICl and the consumption of ICl gives the amount of unsaturation in lipid. Saponification Number: It gives the average molecular weight of triglycerols. The triglycerols are saponified with KOH and the amount of KOH used is determined. This is the saponification number. High saponification number corresponds to low molecular weight and vice versa. Acid Value: It gives the amount of free fatty acid. Here, the lipid is titrated with KOH until the solution turns alkaline. Other acids may interfere with results. (McClements, 2003) 4.3. Instrumental Techniques Various instrumental techniques for fat analysis are present. Methods like NMR, IR, MS are usually coupled with chromatography. Measurement of density and refractive index can be used to measure change in chain length and unsaturation. (McClements, 2003) Lipids with high unsaturation undergoes aerial oxidation. This includes variety of reactions usually summarized as follows: reactants à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ primary products à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ secondary products (unsaturated lipids and O2) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (peroxides and conjugated dienes) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (ketones, aldehydes, alcohols, hydrocarbons) 5.1. Chromatography Loss of reactants as well as formation of specific products can be monitored by using time profile. 5.2. Oxygen Uptake Measures the amount of oxygen consumed over time while maintaining constant oxygen concentration on the reaction vessel. 5.3. Peroxide Value Measures the amount of peroxide formed by titration with iodine. 5.4. Conjugated Dienes Measures the concentration of conjugated dienes by UV spectroscopy (at 233nm for diene and 268nm for trines) 5.5. Thiobarbituric Acid(TBA) Measures the secondary products (aldehydes) in the sample. The sample is treated with TBA and absorbance measured at 540nm. The absorbance value corresponds with the concentration of aldehyde. 5.6. Accelerated Oxidation Tests The sample is oxidized in oxidation friendly environment and the time taken for rancidity to form is measured. These tests help to know the physicochemical characteristics corresponding to flavor, appearance, flow etc. 6.1. Solid Fat Content(SFC) Measures the fraction of fat present as solid. Density measure is mostly used (3) Where is the density at given temperature and are the density if it was completely liquid or solid at the same temperature. NMR signal decay rate is also being used recently. More solid component, faster is the signal decay. Differential Scanning Calorimetry uses latent heat measure are also used to measure SFC-temperature profile. 6.2. Melting Point Used when SFC is not required but only the temperature of melting is required. Due to different components present no sharp melting point is seen. Instead different melting points are used: Clear Point: The temperature at which fat completely melts and becomes clear Slip point: The temperature at which the fat in a capillary tube starts to slip. Wiley melting point: the temperature at which a disc suspended in alcohol-water mixture turns to a sphere. 6.3. Cloud Point The temperature at which a completely melted lipid starts to develop turbidity. 6.4. Smoke Point The temperature at which the lipid starts to smoke at standard condition 6.5. Flash Point The temperature at which a flash appears on the surface at ignition at standard condition 6.6. Fire Point The temperature at which a continuous flame stats to form at standard condition 6.7. Rheology The measure of deformation and flow. Viscosity, elastic modulus and other relevant flow or plasticity measure is used. (n.d.). (FOSS) Retrieved from Analytical Solutions for Food Analysis and Quality Control FOSS: http://www.foss.dk/~/media/images/ca/soxtec8000/soxtech_extraction_sketch-jpg AAFCO Lab Methods Services Committee. (2014, January). Crude Fat Methods Considerations. Retrieved from Association of American Feed Control Officials: http://www.aafco.org/Portals/0/SiteContent/Laboratory/Fat_Best_Practices_Working_Group/Crude_Fat_Methods_Considerations.pdf Abdul, H. M., N, B., Mohd, S. M., Abu, K. R., Z, M. (2013). The Use of Ultrasound As a Fat Measurement Sensor. International Conference on Smart Instrumentation, Measurement and Applications (ICSIMA), (pp. 315-320). Kuala LAmpur. doi:10.1109/ICSIMA.2013.6717974 Angelo, A. J. (1996). Lipid Oxidation in Foods. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 36(3), 175-224. doi:10.1080/10408399609527723 Bligh, E. G., Dyer, W. J. (1959). A Rapid Method of Total Lipid Extraction and Purification. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology, 911-917. Bobe, G., Hammond, E. G., Freeman, A. E., Lindberg, G. L., Beitz, D. C. (2003, October). Texture of Butter from Cows with Different Milk Fatty Acid Composition. Journal of Dairy Science, 86(10). doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73913-7

Three Phase Induction Motors Engineering Essay

Three Phase Induction Motors Engineering Essay Three phase induction motors are one of the most widely used industrial machines. This is mainly due to their simplicity, high reliability and robustness. Although three phase induction motors have the same physical stator as a synchronous machine, they do have different rotor constructions. In addition, three phase induction motors are divided into two groups: squirrel-cage and wound rotor. The magnitude of the flux in the quadrature axis in the stator diminishes, so that the flux will be zero, but the speed is increased above the synchronous speed. The rotor current comes from rotor voltage, so the resultant backward rotating for the flux component provides the magnetomotive force (mmf) so the flux is positive in the quadrature axis. So, the speed at which the magnetic field rotates can be determined. If the motor is connected to rated frequency, the speed of the magnetic field is called the synchronous speed (Ns). The following table shows the relationship between number of poles and synchronous speed when the frequency equals 50HZ. Pole pairs 1 2 3 4 6 Number of poles 2 4 6 8 12 Synchronous speed 3000 1500 1000 750 500 Table (3.1) relationship between number of poles and synchronous The relationship between number of poles and synchronous speed is inversely proportional. 3.2 Equivalent circuit of an induction motor. The per phase equivalent circuit is very important for induction motors and can be used to provide a great deal of understanding and prediction of performance of the induction motor in a stable state. The induction motor needs to provide for operation on the induction voltage and current in the rotor circuit from the stator circuit (transformer action); this is because the voltage and current in the rotor circuit of an induction motor is basically a transformer operation. So the equivalent circuit of the induction motor is similar to the equivalent circuit of the transformer. (In the transformer, primary like the stator in the induction motor, secondary in the transformer like the rotor in the induction motor. In an equivalent circuit per phase of an induction motor, as shown in figure (3.1), Rs and Rr are the stator and rotor winding resistance per phase. Ls and Lr are stator and rotor leakage inductance per phase. However, the aim of test and analysis is to be able to refer the rotor resistance and reactance to the stator circuit and thereby to drive an equivalent circuit referred to the stator. Figure (3.1) induction motor per-phase equivalent circuits. (3.1) (3.2) (3.3) (3.4) (3.5) (3.6) (3.7) (3.8) (3.9) (3.10) (3.11) (3.12) (3.13) In this circuit between a and b apply Thevenin Figure (3.3) Simplification of equivalent circuits of an induction motor Open Circuit voltage at ab (3.14) Short Circuit supply (3.15) (3.16) (3.17) (3.18) Maximum occurs: (3.19) (3.20) . 3.3 Overview on control of Induction motors. Induction motors with squirrel-cage motors are used in industry because the advantage of these types of motors is their relatively low cost and simple construction. Induction motors always work at a nearly constant speed. However, power electronic converts; it can work to vary the speed of an induction motor. The induction motor drives can be divided into groups based on their applications: (a) Adjustable-speed drive. One important application of this drive is in process control by controlling the speed of fans, compressors, pumps. (b) Servo drive: by means of sophisticated control, induction motors can be used as servo drives in computer peripherals, machine tools, and robotics [reference]. I would like to give a brief explanation of two methods that are used in the control of induction motors and I will go into more detail about these methods later. Vector control is a method of control of induction motors so the stator current is controlled in the field rotating reference using PWM inverter [Reference]. The rotor flux and stator flux linkages are represented by ÃŽÂ »ar (t) and ÃŽÂ »as(t) depends on the angle of the rotor Ó ¨m because the mutual inductance between the stator windings and rotor windings position is connected. However, the main reason for the q and d axis analysis in machines like the induction machines is to control them properly, for example: vector control [reference], the method of vector control of induction motor drives produces better dynamic performance than scalar control [reference]. The following block diagram shows the direct torque control system of an induction motor. Figure (3.4) shows direct torque control of induction motors. This alternative type of control of an induction motor is very simple and basic in terms of construction. It consists of a switch table, hysteresis controllers, flux estimator and torque. It is much easier to represent in a block diagram compared to the block diagram representing the vector control system due to the absence of coordinate transformation between the synchronous frame and stationary frame and also it does not need a pulse width. Direct torque control drives are controlled by the method of a close loop system without using a current regulation loop and are also related to use of a stationary d-q reference frame as well as having the d-axis aligned with the stator q axis. Moreover, the flux and torque are controlled by the stator voltage space vector defined in this reference frame[reference]. Scalar control is another method of control of induction motors and is also the first method of control before the vector control method. The advantage of this method is simple cont rol and ease of use. The motor drive is described by three factors: (a) frequency (b) voltage (c) parameters of the motor and its power supply [reference]. The scalar variable is strictly one represented by magnitude alone. This method uses either close loop or open loop control and any feedback loop such as that for speed. This use of scalar quantities gives the basic characteristics of satisfactory steady state behaviour, but poorly controlled transient response. 3.4 Description of the Induction motor drive Since a motor drive plays a big part in the control system, it is necessary to have some background information about it. In a typical induction motor drive, power electronic devices are used to operate AC motors at frequencies other than the supply one. It consists of two main sections, a controller to set the operating frequency and a three-phase inverter to generate the required sinusoidal three-phase system from a DC bus voltage. Therefore, an induction motor requires a variable-frequency three-phase source for variable speed operation by using a power converter system consisting of a rectifier connected to an inverter through a DC link. The next figure shows a block diagram of the power circuit of a typical variable-frequency induction motor drive. Figure (3.5) shows Variable-Frequency Induction Motor Drive The rectifier converts the power grid AC voltage into a fixed DC voltage. An LC filter to provide a smooth DC voltage, which is then applied to the inverter input, filters out the harmonics. 3.5 Induction Motor Control Methods 3.5.1 Vector control The vector control of induction motors has been widely used for high performance drives. There have been many studies developed and presented which allow an overview of vector control (reference). Many proposals for the theory of electric machines discuss using space vector control to represent sinusoidal distribution in the air gap and they also discuss types of control of ac drives including induction motor drives, permanent-magnet ac drives and switched reluctance drives (reference). Induction motor drives have performance control as the same high performance four-quadrant DC drive. In 1960 field-oriented control (FOC) was used in the area of induction motors, but in the past decades, induction motors have been controlled by using scalar control methods like the voltage/hertz. However, this manner is an old way used before vector control in the area of induction machines, but it was an easy method of controlling an induction motor (Reference). 3.5.1.2 Concept of vector control The concept of vector control of AC drives is related to a space phaser which provides a means of representing three phase variables in a machine, voltage, current and flux (Reference). Both flux and torque (DTC) are basically controlled by methods of closed loop; so are methods of control of an induction motor, using closed loop without current loop, similar to the conventional vector control drives (Reference). So the stator current will be utilizing transformation to the d q synchronize system and direct axis with the rotor flux space factor; therefore, the stator d q axis current is controlled dependently and the d q-axis for rotor flux will be zero. (3.21) The relationship between the stator current, rotor flux and electromagnetic are shown by this equation: (3.22) Where Is rotor flux linkage, Rr , Lr , Lr are rotor resistance, and Lm magnetizing inductance. (Reference). However, the space vector in the three phase inverter will produce eight output states [1 0 0] switch states, upper in switch phase is represented by à ¡ and b- is closed and c are open. The eight space vector represented by V0 [ 0 0 0] and V7 [ 1 1 1 ] are null and continuing six are of equal magnitude and arranged 600 part in space diagram as shown in figure. (Reference). Figure (3.6) shows witching voltage space vectors. 3.5.1.3 Control Characteristics Vector control has allowed the dynamic performance of AC drives so that they better DC drives; the flux and the torque can be controlled separately by using vector control producing components of the supply current. The terminal voltage cannot be directly monitored, but can be using the dc link voltage and switching function of the inverter supplying the motor. Currently, the drive dynamic is largely used with the inverter control of the stator current of the induction machines; this in turn is determined by the supply voltage and inductance of the machine. The main features of the direct torque control (DTC) are direct control of the torque and flux, and indirect main control of voltages and currents. This type of control has a number of advantages: sinusoidal stator current and reduced torque oscillations; excellent torque dynamics; and the main advantage of (DTC) direct torque control, absence of coordinate transformations which related to vector control implementations. However, in this type of control there are some disadvantages: possible problems during starting and low speed operation and also during change in torque command; it also requires flux and torque estimators (Reference). The vector control theory provides independent control between torque and flux; torque is controlled by the q-axis component of current if the flux is constant and oriented along the d-axis of the referred frame. The referred frame can be rotor flux-oriented control, stator flux-oriented control or air gap flux-oriented control. Thus, the phase angle and the modulus of the current or current vector have to be controlled. Figure 2.1(a), [Reference], shows the rotor angle  Ã‚ ±r with respect to the stator. Since the vector control is to be implemented in the rotor flux oriented reference frame, the induction machine is fixed in that reference frame by rotating the variable as appropriate. Figure (3.7) shows that the rotor flux reference frame rotates at speed (angle  Ã‚ ±e) with respect to the stator reference and the d-q axes are fixed to the rotor flux space phasor. This results in decoupling of the flux and torque which are separately controlled by stator direct-axis current i ds and quadrature-axis current iqs. [Reference] (B) Vector rotation Figure (3.7) (A) Rotor angle 3.5.2 Direct and Indirect Rotor Flux-Oriented Control The vector controls can be divided into two groups, indirect and direct, for the indirect (slip frequency controlled) and the direct (field oriented). The characteristics of these two controllers have been considered to be the same, but there are some differences between these methods. However, the direct control type is a modern control theory and also has high performance and it is more well-known than indirect control (Reference). In this two methods above are considered of voltage and current of a stator. The first method, indirect, is related to stator current control and the second method is related to stator voltage control. In both cases the system inputs are torque and flux reference which is required current values for isd and isq. Field oriented control to induction motor operation in a synchronously rotating d-q reference from that is aligned with one of the motor flux. So, control of the torque and flux is decoupled such as the d- axis component of the stator current and rotor flux magnitude and the q-axis component control , the output torque , where the ids stator current of d-axis component and is the rotor flux magnitude demand, so can be given in equation as (3.23) Where, Lm = magnetizing inductance. For the q-axis component of the stator current iqs, the torque demand as (T* em) so can be determined as the equation: (3.24) The d-axis of the synchronously rotating reference frame to be aligned with the rotor flux, the slip relation. (3.25) Direct rotor flux-oriented control (RFOC) has a control loop for flux where the measurement is performed using flux sensing coils (or Hall-effect devices) or by the flux model. In indirect rotor flux-oriented control (RFOC), the rotor flux angle is not measured but is estimated from the equivalent circuit model. One of the techniques for estimating the rotor flux angle ( Ã‚ ±e) is based on the slip relation, which requires measurement of the rotor speed () and slip frequency (). The slip frequency is dependant on rotor time constant ( Ã‚ ´r) and estimated rotor flux amplitude. This indicates that indirect methods are easier to implement since they do not require a flux model, but are less accurate. Nevertheless, if the model were perfect, the performance obtained would be identical to direct torque control. In [6], the relationships between direct and indirect approaches have been analyzed. It proves that they have the same control but have differences in coordinate of state va riable, the rotor flux and stator currents. A new indirect vector control with an observer has been presented which has the same characteristic as the conventional direct torque control. Figure (3.8) direct vector control Figure (3.9) indirect vector control 3.5.3 Scalar control method Scalar Control manner is related to AC machines and can use voltage fed-inverters. In addition, the scalar control is related to control of the magnitude of a variable only, also using of applications for constant voltage/hertz supply at the motor terminals are given constant air gap flux, so it could be that the stator voltage is dropped. (Reference) The scalar control methods are considered just for study state behaviour, but have poorly controlled transients. (Reference) This method applies to use in either close loop or open loop, and in any feedback loop such as that of speed. The scalar control method was basically developed for study state operation. However, it is a method also used in variable speed applications. (Reference) In this curve, the voltage and frequency are applied on the stator, therefore, when the supply frequency is constant, the speed will be constant, but the torque can be changing as the square of the applied voltage. I will give more details about scalar control in another chapter. 3.5.4 Comparison of vector control (VC) and scalar control (SC). Induction machines are widely used in various industries as prime workhorses to produce rotational motions and forces. However, the squirrel-cage type is a simple and rugged electrical machine with low cost and minimal maintenance; this is reason that the squirrel-cage types are most widely used in industrial electrical motors [reference]. With regard to the scalar control methods for an induction machine, only the motor model is considered for steady state and the scalar control methods are controlled based of the induction motor, but this method will not give good performance transients for an induction motor and it is also poor in terms of dynamics; but the vector control methods considered above are valid for transient conditions and the vector control will give a dynamic performance far superior to that of scalar control [reference]. The scalar control method to control an induction motor is simple to execute and easy to programme, but the vector control is related to the varyin g magnitude and phase alignment of the vector quantities of the motor. Moreover, the scalar control is related to the voltage per hearts v/f control and is usually used for low cost drives where high dynamic performance is not a key requirement. The applications include fans, blowers and pumps where the applied load is known. In this method, the form is simple, the control does not require any sensors and the control algorithm can be implemented in a relatively low performance microprocessor. Vector control is related to a mathematical model which deals with voltage, current, flux torque and the motor parameters. We can control the instantaneous stator currents, control the magnitude and position is. The following diagram shows a feedback control system for measuring currents. When the controller has a fast response then is vector can be imposed on the stator rapidly. Advantages and disadvantages of vector control and scalar control [reference] Method Advantages Disadvantages SC Simplest method of obtaining variable speed. Low cost and easy to implement solution. Is widely used. Is not as complicated as other control methods. Poor transient performance and poor dynamic. It cannot control torque directly. The transit response such as control is not fast. VC For those d component and q component are two decouple components can be independently controlled by passing through separate PI controller. This control method has an excellent torque and speed curve. It has excellent dynamic performance. Sensitive parameter variation use PI current regulators that decrease transient performance. Is more complicated than any other control method. Cannot control torque before transformation is done. Table (3.2) advantages and disadvantages of scalar control and vector control

Essay --

The Canadian Center of Science and Education and Andrew Worsley are to be given credit for the work done in this paper. Also, there are references to a project done in 2,000 called the MACHO project. The paper was developed by testing if, â€Å"advances in black hole physics can be used to accurately model both CDM associated with the super massive black hole at the center of the galaxy, and cosmological cold dark matter† (Worsley, 2012). They analyzed different sets of data and used a series of mathematical equations to find the proof of the existence of cosmological dark matter in the atmosphere. A strength of this article is that they put the distance to the LMC at 40kpc. This allowed the core radius of the halo to be as big as 25 kpc, which is like the MACHO project Model F predicted that as much as 40-60% of the halo mass could be accounted for by MACHOs, which implies that a portion of the halo could be primordial black holes. However, other models showed a lower percen tage 20 % of the core halo mass because they only kept it at 5 kpc, which limited their results. What has become c...

Kant Political Leader :: essays research papers

Kant held that nothing was good in itself except good will. In other words, no action, in and of itself, was either wrong or right. Only the motive of the actor lent the action its morality. If a person acted out of a vested interest (because of a possible consequence) then the act was non-moral—it had no moral implications whatsoever. But, if a person acted because she thought she was doing the right thing, then she was acting out of good will and the act was a moral act. In Kant’s view, actions have true moral worth only when they spring from a recognition of a duty and a choice to discharge it. For example, using Kantian logic, an advertiser who avoided untruthful advertising because he was afraid of getting caught and fined would not necessarily be acting morally. However, if the advertiser recognized a duty to his constituents to tell the truth, and that is the reason he didn't lie, then the act would be a moral act. Kant defined good will as the uniquely human capacity to act according to one's principles, not out of an expectation of potential consequences. In fact, Kant had learned through the writings of the Italian philosopher and royal counselor, Niccolo Machiavelli, that basing decisions solely on likely consequences could excuse any action, even the most abhorrent. In his famous treatise, The Prince, Machiavelli had proposed that any action taken by a monarch should be based on an assessment of the best outcome for the monarch himself. Under this guideline (which is also known as egoism), actions such as murder could be excused if they are in the best interest of the person making the decision. Like other Enlightenment theorists, Kant believed that human beings were endowed with the ability to reason, and reasoning would logically lead to an understanding of how to construct moral rules to live by. Rational beings would, then, logically abide by the rules they set for themselves. In this, he was in accord with the social contractarians. Rules arrived at in this manner would also become morally obligatory, and Kant saw obligation (or duty) as the overriding determinant of morality. He believed that we would recognize our duty when we saw it because we could reason, and reason would lead us logically to recognition. For Kant, there were two obvious types of duties: perfect duties and imperfect duties.

Critical Lenses Essay

L. a Date: 11/14/12 Critical Lenses Herodotus once said â€Å"men are at the mercy of events and cannot control them. † In saying this Herodotus meant that men cannot control any situation, but that it is fate that determines what is to occur. Prince Edward from The Prince and the Pauper by Mark Twain and Macbeth from Macbeth by William Shakespeare prove this statement to be both true and false. Macbeth in the play (structure) Macbeth by William Shakespeare proves the statement true.The story is about a man named Macbeth and him becoming king (plot). In the year 1040 in Scotland (setting) three witches prophesize to Macbeth that he will be King (foreshadowing). Macbeth is forced to kill the current king, King Duncan, in order to take the throne. After Macbeth kills King Duncan he feels very guilty. Macbeth ends up killing even more people to cover up his lie (characterization) As Macbeth’s life goes on as king, he begins hearing voices and having hallucinations of Banq uo’s ghost (imagery).These are just the consequences of his actions, and he had to live with them. Macbeth goes from gaining respect, appreciation and wealth to losing everything (characterization). Macbeth chooses to listen to the witches’ prophesy, rather than listening to Banquo telling him the prophecy may be evil; thus, Macbeth causes his own problems. In contrast Prince Edward from The Prince and The Pauper by Mark Twain was more at the mercy of his situation than was Macbeth. In this novel (structure), Prince Edward has been raised in luxury.Prince Edward birth was celebrated by the whole country and was wrapped in silks and satins (imagery). He is used to fine foods, magnificent clothing, and to being waited on by hundreds of servants, as well he is accustomed to being protected and to giving commands that others obey quickly. He is used to these things simply because they are part of the life of a prince. Having spent his entire life in the confines of the roy al palace, he has daydreamed about the freedom experienced by boys such as Tom Canty (the pauper).One afternoon Prince Edward and Tom Canty trade clothing and as a result, they trade lives as well. Prince Edward trades places with Tom Canty and ends up in Offal Court. Prince Edward gets to experience what Tom Canty’s everyday life was like: to be poor and be treated horribly by Tom’s father. Prince Edward is now learning how hard life is for his subjects and how unfair the laws are. Edward, as a child, is now at the mercy of adults outside the palace, both good and bad.After many adventures, matters are set right again, with the help of Miles Hendon to take him back to the palace, with one of the boys resuming his rightful, royal position and the other boy accepting a position that recognizes his innate intelligence and good heartedness (plot). Macbeth from Macbeth by William Shakespeare and Prince Edward from The Prince and The Pauper by Mark Twain prove Herodotusâ₠¬â„¢s saying â€Å"men are at the mercy of events and cannot control them† to be true as well as false.The statement means that men cannot control any situation but that it is fate that determines what is to occur. Both Prince Edward and Macbeth make poor decisions which get them into trouble . However, Macbeth, the adult, makes worse decisions that are wrong and evil and deserve punishment. Edward, the child, makes an innocent mistake and is punished anyway. Yet, fortunately, though the kindness of Miles Hendon, Edward is able to return home, having learned from his experiences, unlike Macbeth who loses everything and is killed.

Philosophy of life Essay

?I saw this quote in Mr. Laxman Gnawali’s laptop and I copied it right away, I don’t know but I liked that line very much. The quote was written on the wall of some park the place was really clean and that picture showed that it was really nice clean with lots of trees. After searching it in the internet I found it that it was the attribute to those who lost their lives in the war. We were talking about the teaching training session. We were told that we can achieve the next level in our career but we need to concentrate and do the session delivery seriously. There the quote was quite related because we had the freedom to be a teacher trainer but we have to be more responsible and develop certain habit, there with the freedom comes the responsibility. Looking at the history of freedom one can always see war as the synonyma for the freedom. The first thing that comes in our mind when we talk about freedom is war and quarrels. This phrase is mostly used by the people to show gratitude towards those who have lost their life in wars. There are so many articles and books written on them or about them. Shiv Khera have written a book â€Å"freedom is not Free† and there are mny other people who have talked about it and this is the phrase I think will be talked in coming future or as long as the existence of the human beings. Freedoms are rights of individuals, according to Webster it’s a state in which somebody is able to act and live as he or she chooses, without being subject to any, or to any undue, restraints and restrictions. As our country is democratic country and we proudly say that we are free, we have every freedom to do whatever we like to but in the beginning we fought for our freedom, can we still be fighting. In the beginning we fought for our freedom, with the birtishers, we fought with them not for the freedom but to keep our country free. We fought for the democracy from the Rana rulers and then we fought for the cruel royal rule and we achieve the freedom but the question remains that we have been fighting within ourselves. Now we have the ability to exercise free will and make choices independently of any external determining force, but are we truly free. I think we are still fighting within ourselves for the freedom we dream of. History has been our eyewitness that whenever we fought we fought to rule and not for the development or growth and we are still doing that. First we had MAHISHPAL than came GOPALA DYNESTYR and KIRAT after that many other than the most influential SHAH now we have politicians ruling still to rule not to develop. If I talk about the freedom realting with our history than it will never finish. Historians believe we’re not free, but on the other hand I just say we have our rights and restrains. Because completely unrestricted freedom of action would make peaceful human existence impossible, some restraints on freedom of action are necessary and inevitable. But, we do have to recognize that basic limitation, to make our life safe. We the people have to turn over some of our rights so that our country performs right and many say that the government is in our business but if they weren’t all chaos would occur. But, Freedom becomes a cost, a cost of just giving up some rights in return to be a great nation. But, some cost could become a concern. In the declaration of independence, Thomas Jefferson have clearly stated the difficulties and problems that America has to face on the process. The very recent and clear example abo;ut freedom is not free is our own country’s fight against the maost. We faced difficulties than one can imagine but ultimately we overcame with all the difficulties we faced. In the process of freedom government has to include all the armies of moist as well. There comes the pay for freedom. We had to go through traumas which many of the nation have been through but that trauma was from our own people to their own family. India, the biggest country with large population, which is emerging ijn every field in this modern time, have faced problems. They were colonized by British people and treated in the most cruel behave that one could ever treat to another human being in their own country but they fought for their freedom and have lost so many lives but at last they are free. The payment that they paid for the freedom are the lives, the great politicians and enthusiastic youths, there county were divided into parts and there is still fight among those country. Though they got the freedom they are still paying for it, that is why freedom is not free. America the land of opportunity, was not free and with the help of many freedom fighters they declare the independence. Instead of freedom they call it independent, as everyone knows in America most of the people are from different countries, the native people, the red Indians have actually lost their identity in order to be independent or free. the country have faced so many difficulties and still facing but it is the free country everyone says and believed that but they have the most criminal records and most frustration within their country. The fragmented society, self-centered individual, loss of culture and focus point of terrorism are the payment USA is paying with. Every country have their own struggle and history of freedom and the kinds pf payment they are paying as the freedom is not free. All the great people in this world has paid one or the other way for the freedom they fought for. Countries have faced the war and loss of the youngsters but the individual who are the great influential for that event lost their family ,loved once, and their own life as well. Hitler’s life story also suggest that freedom is not free.he hated zuse and to free himself from them he committed the crime which no human can forget and he is the most cruel person in this world. He could not face the failure and to make himself free from the thought of failure he continued doing the things which kept him free from that thought and the payment for the freedom of his thought is being cruel and called murderer and be alone in all his life. However his murder is still have no actual evidence but he was killed because he was becoming cruel and threat for many people so in the quest of freedom to free the abuse and feeling of failure he paid it with his life. Mahatma Gandhi, India call him their BAPU, was hated by his son because he had no time to spend with the family as he was in great mission to free his country from the Birtish. He freed his fellow country but the payment was his own children, he was killed by the very young person as people saw that his generosity is causing the country into many countries. He was free from all the material things and loved by all the people but to gain this freedom to loved by everyone with his life. The four martyrs, who was killed by rana rulers for their freedom speech also shows that whatever our country have got is not free. in whatever way we are enjoying or complaining about is actually the payment that those martyrs paid. They were from well known and educated family but in the quest to free the country from the ranas they paid their life and we got freedom. Being anyone as human is not free from all the responsibilities and rules that we need to follow. As a baby you are free to cry over anything but the payment is most of the time people don’t understand what your problem is. As a student you are allowed to make noise or make wrong choice but the payment is later on you have to fail in your exam and in your life. As a social worker you have the freedom to help others and take their pain as your own and the payment you have to pay is your time, for you and for your family, as an engineer, your freedom is to use any model but the payment is you have to be responsible for the lives of the people who will stay there, as writer you are free to write anything but the payment is no one will write about you, as the teacher you have the freedom to conduct your classroom as you wanted but the payment is you have to be the model all the time, you cannot make any mistake if you do you have to deal with all the consequences that might occur or the payment is your time and effort. When you see some advertisement on television about the free scheme, we always need to buy something with it because nothing is free, not even the water, the air. Freedom is actually the metaphor for all the responsibilities that comes with freedom. When one becomes the minister or join the politics, like in our country everyone blames them to be the negative one, you are free to be the politician but the payment is you won’t be trusted. When I first started to teach I don’t have any freedom to chose what I do in the classroom, so I was just following whatever the teacher told me to do and there no one expected anything from me so I was free from the responsibility and the payment I was paying is getting the low pay. As I developed the teaching learning skill and given the full responsibility of the class, I had the freedom to do any kind of things in the classroom and make it my own and include everything I have learnt but the payment is time and the continuous work load and no self time. Likewise with the PGDE course we had the freedom to garnish ourselves and the payment is all the criteria that was set for us to be what we were trained to be. FREEDOM IS NOT FREE, even the quote is controversial because when freedom is not free than why would one use these words and if it is used why it is mostly related with the people who have done so much for the betterment of the human being?