Lamb to the Slaughter and The Landlady by Roald Dahl

have to the lacing and The Land bird by Roald DahlCOMPARING TWO SHORT STORIES IN THIS UNIT, WRITE AN try out DISUCSSING HOW ROALD HAS USED VARIOUS TECHNIQUES (INCLUDING THE USE OF LANGUAGE) TO ENTERTAIN, INTRIGUE AND SHOCK THE READERIn this coursework I am going to comp ar to petty stories which atomic number 18 beloved to the Slaughter and the Landlady written by Roald Dahl. Roald Dahl specialises in writing stories for children in the 20th Century. Roald Dahl is the author of Factory, Charlie, Matilda , James and the Giant Peach and Georges grand Medicine. He uses different writing techniques in order to entertain, intrigue and to assault the reader or the audience. Born on the 13th of September 1961 in LIandaff, South Wales. He never liked school because he express students were caned and afternoon teatimechers where horrible to them. In 1939 he joined the Royal Air coerce when the World War II started and also in 1940s he became the bestselling writer he works with v irtually(prenominal) children and adult. He writes short stories which use up the reader to guess what will happen at the end. When he got married, he divorced his wife and later married Patricia Neal and gave birth to five children. He died on the 23 November 1990 at the age of 74. love to the Slaughter give birth to the Slaughter is a short story and is about a large(predicate) woman (bloody shame Mah wizy) and her keep up (Patrick Mahoney). Her hubby went to work and she was waiting for the husband to summon home. The room was warm and clean, the curtains drawn, the dickens table lamps tell us that bloody shame Mahoney is in her house. When the husband came back from work, she tried to make a parley with the husband plainly the husband was non giving her attention provided she knew that her husband does not talk too much until his com workforcecement salute is finished. She started ca-cating worried. bloody shame haves the husband if he wanted dinner but, he refuses ein truth food she gave to him. Finally Patrick spoke to Mary and tell So in that respect it is. I know its kind of a cock-a-hoop judgment of conviction to be telling you, but there simply wasnt whatever separate(a) way. And he also said of course Ill spend a penny you money and see youre looked after. This tells the reader that Patrick is going to leave his with child(predicate) wife Mary. She did not want to believe what Patrick was saying , she still demanded to vigilant him dinner, as she went to the unblockze to get the leg of birth, Patrick t sure-enough(a) her not to make any dinner for him because his going out. Mary uses the big frozen leg of bear to hit Patrick on his head and he was still standing there for about 4 5 seconds and fell on the carpet. He was dead, Mary was surprised and boxed and this in crouch shocks the reader too. Mary right away went to the groceries to get some potatoes and when she got home, she called the law and said her husband ha s been killed. On the other hand the birth was in the oven cooking so, the pol screwball was asking her questions and they were meddlesome the house. The doctor told the police that Patrick was hit in the head. Mary offer the police men the lamb that she was cooking in the oven. As they were busy take the lamb they never knew they were eating the evidence and Mary started laughing.The LandladyThe landlady is a short story and is about a young boy called wand weaver finch and a woman. wand weaverbird took a train from London and he arrives late in Bath late which was nine oclock in the evening. He wanted a cheap hotel where he can sleep and they told him to act The Bell and Dragon and is a pub house. When he was going he notices a sign BED AND BREAKFAST. There was a vase of pussywillows, high and beautiful this tells us that the house is nice. When he rings the bell and old lady answered the door and told him to come inside. The Landlady told when he goes up st ancestrys he should sign the guest book. As nightstick was signing the guest he recognises two peoples names and they were the only names on the book and they are over two years olds. He tried to remember where he heard the names from. He remembers that one of them Eton was a school boy that disappeared but for Mr Temple he could not remember.The Landlady told offer Billy tea and Billy could smell something that comes from the woman. Billy and Landlady started talking and she said the Eton and Temple was very handsome young men but Billy was much better. Billy asked the Landlady if those people left the Bed and breakfast recently and she said two of the men are still in the fourth floor of the house. Billy was getting confused and he wanted to talk about some else like the parrot in a cage. When he was drinking his tea he notices a bitter almond taste and he ask the Landlady Havent there been any other guests here except them in the coating two or three years? She replies by saying No, my de ar. just now you.The writing technique Roald Dahl uses descriptive word in Lamb of the Slaughter Warm and Clean this tells us that the Mary Mahoney house is clean. On the other hand he uses But the air was noisome shabby and the wind was like a flat blade of ice on his cheeks describes how shabby it was and Billy needed a place to sleep. Roald also uses a simile which is to feel-almost as a sunbather feels the sun that warm male sting in the Lamb of the Slaughter and for the Landlady he uses But the air was deadly cold and the wind was like a flat blade of ice on his cheeks. Roald Dahl use a metaphor saying one thing is another There was a slow smiling air about her .Roald Dahl also uses emotion word like joyous which means it was a peaceful night for them also uses hyphen to separate words like bone-end in the Lamb to the Slaughter. Roald Dahl uses personification to surpass human qualities to any in animate object like in the Lamb of the Slaughter which was The wind whispe red his name and tortured her with his retentiveness this tells us that wind can not whisper or torture.The similarities of twain short storiesMary Mahoney and the Landlady are women both are short stories. The both stories theme are murder and which were committed by them (women). At first the both ladies is been described as been a nice generous and lady she took his coat and hung it in the closet tells us how caring and nice she is to her husband, still when the Landlady offers Billy a cup of tea shows us that she is nice and not every Bed and Breakfast owner will offer their customers free teas. But at the end of both stories Mary Mahoney and the Landlady tells us (reader) that they are not really nice ladies which intrigue the reader. The difference between Lamb to the Slaughter and the Landlady is that Mary Mahoney did not mean to kill her husband spells the Landlady has killed two people forwards Meaning she was planning to kill Billy Weaver as well. However, Mary was pr egnant and she has a husband which is Patrick and the Landlady was old and she does not have a husband. The both women use different ways to kill. Mary uses the frozen lamb she wanted to cooked for her husband Patrick whiles the Landlady poisoned Billys tea. The whim (atmosphere) of the Landlady is, windy and cold which gives the reader an idea of what the story is going to be like. Also the mood of the Lamb to the slaughter was calm and warm at the beginning but at the end it was kind of funny and scaring because when the police men where eating the lamb Mary giggle . The ironic scene of the Lamb to the Slaughter is that Mary kills Patrick while she prepared the leg of lamb for the police men to eat which means that they are eating the murder weapon while they were eating it they said the weapon might be right chthonian their noses. This tells us that the story could have ended in a unsound way but because the police men ate the leg of lamb they can not get any evidence.The crea tion and tension in the landlady is a horror story because the landlady was nice and generous to Billy and when he realise that the two guests and parrot was murdered by the landlady he became terrified and confused.The police were eating the evidence which was right under noses and I ideate it will be difficult to stick the truth which creates a shock to the reader. It also shocks the reader how Mary Mahoney was a loving wife and turn up to be a killer. In the Landlady it also shocks the reader when Billy asked the landlady if it was just two people that have been in the Bed and Breakfast recently for the last two or three years and she said yes which shocked us.Roald Dahl put the reader on suspense because when she kills her husband Patrick, she called the police that make us suspense that they are going to aim evidence or find out who killed her husband and she even gave them the lamb to eat making us anxious that they are going to find out what happened. For the Landlady Roa ld Dahl put us in suspense that is when she gives him a little smile as she replies, No, my dear. Only you. This makes us the reader get anxious to know if Billy was killed by the Landlady.In my conclusion I will say that Mary Mahoney was angry and she wanted revenge because husband Patrick was going to leave her and she was six month pregnant. She did not stand for before acting and she did not mean to kill the husband. For the Landlady I think she was nonsocial and sad. She was nice but at the end she became evil. I also think she sick because everybody that comes to her Bed and Breakfast she killed them even the dog and parrot. She killed them without feeling bad or even having mercy on them.

Marxist Theories of Punishment

Marxist Theories of PunishmentThe application of penalization is find by the categorise system. Critically discuss this with reference to Marxist theories of Punishment.This essay is unlesston to critically discuss with reference to Marxists theories of punishment whether the application of punishment is disapprovemined by the menage system. In say to do this we first look at an chthonianstanding of what Marxist system is based on, how Marx oppositeiates the human body system and how punishment fits in to his hypothesis. At the time of Karl Marxs sketch, he had witnessed m all rotary motions cross sorts Western Europe. Marxism tried to get sight to chthonianstand the auberge they lived in and whilst he did only a minuscule amount of work on actual annoyance and criminals, he did acknowledge that there was conflict indoors ships company (History Learning Site, 2010). He recognised there was a go against in society betwixt the wealthiest and the poor. One of M arxs master(prenominal) counseling in his theory was the economy and he believed those who had wealth were the office staffful and those who were poorer were the powerless. By the start of the industrial era Marx believed society to be split between devil economic ground leveles. The poorer end of society kn sustain as the lying-in which is also known to be the workss- kin, and the regnant- screen he described as existenceness a more than paramount split, called the bourgeoisie these were owners of wealth that did non remove to work. The assert and owning of private property by the wealthiest (which was the start of Capitalism) and the exploitation of compass d bingle by the on the job(p) class was his main idea in his theory on the conflict of classes. Marx saw conflict in society as being due to a scarcity of resources and a diachronic discrepancy in the distribution of those resources, nonably power. (Williams and McShane, 2010 134).Marxists criminologists suggest that class flummox off affects law of nature-breaking in three different positions. Firstly, they suggest that law is a tool used by the public opinion class to maintain the functional class. They believe that is why there is no law enforcement for the ruling class (Michalowski and Bohlander, 1976 cited in Williams and McShane, 1988 135), they say that behaviour that is not placed under any law but instead placed under just administrative and g overning laws can only be to protect themselves. Marxist approximate law is an abuse to cosmopolitan human rights and they also question the power of the law and it purpose in its application, if the operative(a)s class ar policing the working class (Schwendinger and Schwendinger, 1970, 1972, 1977 Platt, 1974 cited in Williams and McShane, 2010). Secondly, Marxists see all crime in a capitalist society as a harvest of class struggle. It causes the working class the need to chase to get before which can manifest itsel f it to criminal behaviour. The divide between these two classes and the conflict, creates competition. mostbody will want something and when they feel there is no other way of achieving this, criminal activity can take place (Bohm, 1982 as cited in Williams and McShane, 2010). This can be seen in Emilie Durkheims Anomie theory.There are other theories that also recognise a division in society. Emilie Durkheims anomie theory also recognised the division in society and in his book termed it as the division in fag. He canvas Europe after the industrial revolution and Durkheim saw from forced industrialization and commercialisation, a large economic crisis could define factors of make a earth of anomie. He described this as a breakdown of social norms for the working class. He stated without clear rules to guide the working class, individuals find it heavily to find a place in society. He concludes that this in gambling causes dissatisfaction, frustration, conflict and deviance . Durkheims anomie theory looks at social norms in society being broken while Mertons Strain theory (1938) looks more at deviance who also refers to bureaucratic behaviour as well as criminal behaviour in his theory. In Mertons theory he saw certain(a) goals emphasised with society and used financial success as an example. He said not e genuinelyone has equal entre to these financial achievements or success and that some people may look for illegitimate ways to gain this success. Because of this social inequality and division in society between the working class and ruling class, he believes that certain goals are just not uncommitted for certain groups within society such as the light social class. Mertons anomie theory is often referred to as tinge theory as this disgrace or working class feel a strain to achieve illegitimately ways to gain this success and those groups with the least access to achieve these goals have luxuriouslyer crime and deviance rates check to Mert on. In his study of US societies that these higher rates of crime were amongst the lower classes (Williams and McShane, 1988 79-83). These theories of anomie and strain theory all take the same rush as Marxist theory in that they believe there to be a division in society between working class and the ruling class. With the ruling class holding the most power and the working class trying to achieve this. The power held by the dominant class has also been termed cultural capital (Giddens, ).Marxism influences cultural capital. Pierre Bourdieu another sociologist influenced by Marx argues that it is the education system, to blame for the failure of the working class, not the working class culture. He referred to the cultural capital as those who were in possession of the dominant culture and thought this could be translated in to wealth and power through the education system. He claimed that cultural capital in class bodily structure was not evenly proportionate and he could see this in the class structure through the disparities in education attainment achieved by those of different classes. Bourdieu claims that middle class students succeed better than those of the working class as they are the dominant culture. He states that education attainment is directly colligate to those who possess the most cultural capital (Giddens Sociology).Gramsci was a Marxist thinker in the 20th ampere-second whose work evaluated culture and policy-making leadership. He believed that the bourgeoisie uphold control, that they developed a hegemonic culture which he saw transmitted its own set of norms and values that just became common wizard values and norms of everyone. People from classes outside the ruling class acknowledged their own good with the good of the ruling class. Marxism always expected a revolution in capitalist societies but by early 20th century no revolution had occurred in such advanced countries. Gramscis theory suggested that capitalism maintained contr ol not just through political and economic coercion, but also through ideology as well. (Perry Anderson, 1976. (The Antinomies of Antonio Gramsci. stark naked Left Review). SENTENCE TO WRAP IT UPMarxism saw the creation of two different groups that were created through the rise of capitalism the ruling class (bourgeoisie) and the working class (proletariat) and he claimed that these two classes offered nothing but sweet conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of old ones. They saw that the labour of the working class needed to be exploited in order for the ruling class to gain more capital. Marxism referred to this as oppression and believed that the ruling class exercised their power over the working class in order to control them. Rusche (1980) took the same accession in his theory of punishment and social structure. He states that when wages go up because of the lack of labour that this in release causes the ruling class to apply their power to supply the nee d for seamy labour. Rusche saw that the exploitation of prison house labour began to be the preferred rule over previous methods such as corporal and capital punishment. He claims thatWhen a labour surplus occurs, wages go down causing a mass unemployment resulting in extremely high penalties, such as corporal and capital punishment executed in a agonising fashion. This is thought to be needed in order to keep crime down (Rusche, 1980).During the industrial era the ruling class turned prisons in to workhouses which were named the house of correction. These were set up in a bid to suffice supply their need for cheap labour. The house of corrections main aim and focus was there to make those that didnt want to work and was unwilling to work, to make them work. Rusche and Kircheimer (1939) claimed that by being forced to work within this institution that the prisoners would pick up skills in the hope that they could take with them to the labour market on release. During period whe re labour was in excess, and the attitude changed toward the poor, it became vapid to force people to work and prisons became warehouses for people that he also claimed court money. He also claimed that the attitudes towards punishment need to change when the living conditions of the working class began to get worst. In order to see that people were being punished according the conditions of the prison had to be worse than those of the prisoners conditions on the out side of prison. As Jenner (2014) stated the conditions need to be markedly more unpleasant than the conditions of life experienced by those of the lowest strata living forfeit in society. This of course, had economic advantages, less food was needed and no medical assistance offered, but it came to be seen that the living conditions of the working class, did not vary much, from those of the prison. This caused the conditions to deteriorate even worst in an attempt to deter the working class not to end up inside the p rison (Rusche and Kirchiemer, 1939).Evidence to support these theories that prison is a way of controlling the working class by the ruling class can be seen in the inequalities of the prison population. According to a report by NACRO (1997a 1997b) England and Wales have one of the highest prison populations in Western Europe which in 1997 was as high as 61,000. They reckoned this figure could rise by the year 2005 to 82,000. A subject field survey done by the situation Office carried out on prison population in 1991 showed that it was made up by innumerate young men, many whom had an ethnic minority background. His study name some interested figures in evidence of the theories that have been presented in this essay. This study found that 40% of the prison population to be under 25 but over 18 compared to 16% of the general population this shows there is a huge over representation of young men between 18-25 old age old, imprisoned. It found that 41% of prisoners either posed no skills or had very little, compared to 18% of the general population again a large over representation of unskilled labour force. This study also found that 15% of prisoners were from Black or Asian ethnic minorities yet these minorities only make up 5% of the general population. 40% of prisoners under the age of 25 had left school before they were supposed to, compared with only 11% of the general population. 38% of prisoners under 21 had experienced being in bang whilst only 2% of the general population experience this and 13% said they did not have a place to live before they entered the prison system (Walmsley et al., 1992 cited in NACRO, 1997b). From these figures and our knowledge of Marxism with regards to class struggle and the segregation of the lower class, how the ruling class exert their power over the working class and how they use this power to control, we can see that the prison has been used in the same way. That it is a mere control of the bourgeoisie bid to contro l the working class. This can also be seen in the application of law and how the bourgeoisie wrong doings do not fall under any law but as mentioned earlier fall under administrative and governing laws in order to protect their own. This could also be argued in the case of why white collar crime does not get much attention paid to it over criminal law.REFERENCESAnderson, P. (1976) The Antinomies of Antonio Gramsci. bare-assed Left Review.Bohm, R.M. (1982) Radical Criminology An explanation. Criminology, 19, 565-589.Giddens Sociology).History Learning Site (2010) Marxism and Crime online available at. http//www.historylearningsite.co.uk/marxism_crime.htm accessed on. (20th Feb 2014).Jenner, A. (2014) Assessment Workshop SC6001 Justice, Punishment and social Control. 27th February, 2014.Maguire, M., Morgan, R. Reiner, R. (2007) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (4th edt), University bosom Oxford.Merton, R. K. (1938) Social structure and anomie. American Sociological Review, 3, 6 72-682.Michalowski, R. J. Bohlander, E. W. (1976) Repression and criminal justice in capitalist America, Sociological Inquiry, 46, 95-106.NACRO (1997a) Information Bulletin, An occasional briefing compiled by NACROS younker Crime Section, Issue 7, NACRO London.NACRO (1997b) Criminal Justice Digest. No. 91, February, NACRO London.Platt, T. (1974) Prospects for a perfect criminology in the United States. Crime and Social Justice, 1, 2-6.Rusche, G. (1980) Labour Market and penal Sanctions Thoughts on the Sociology of Criminal Justice. In T. Platt, Takahi, P. (Edts.), Punishment and Penal Discipline (pp 10-16). Berkeley, CA Crime and Social Justice Associates.Rusche, G. Kirchiemer, O. (1939). Punishment and Social Structure. New York Russell Russell.Schwendinger H. Schwendinger, J. (1970) Defenders of order or guardians of human rights? Issues in Criminology, 5, 113-146.Schwendinger H. Schwendinger, J. (1972) The continuing debate on the legalistic approach to the definition of crime. Issues in Criminology, 7, 71-81.Schwendinger H. Schwendinger, J. (1977) Social class and the definition of crime. Crime and Social Justice, 7, 71-81.Walmsley, R., Howard, L and White, S. (1992) The National Prison Survey 1991 main findings. A Home Office Research and Planning Unit Report, HMSO London.Williams, F. P. and McShane, M. D. (2010) Criminological Theory (5th edt), Pearson London.

Nuclear power plant

thermo thermo thermo thermo atomic magnate botanyNuclear Power nil is a beneficial thing that used for tender-hearteds mapivity. One of the postal code is electricity. The dexterity can be obtained from coal. However as daily uses of coal, the count of coal that available on the earth ordain be diminish and results in no existing coal. therefore, it is needed to find pick cogency bloods to defecate the energy with no limit of uses. There be nigh choice energy extensions such as atomic mightiness, hydropower, wind power, solar power, geformer(a)mal energy, tidal power, biomass energy and other(a) selection energy. There is an utility(a) energy source that obtained from separating atomic fission or f ares the combination of atomic fission named as thermonuclear power. Some countries atomic number 18 using nuclear power position for generating electricity for them. However, in that respect be several tenablenesss of nuclear energy should be abolished in Indonesia.First of all, in nuclear power productivity, there will be nuclear bollocks that is harmful. This nuclear unwarranted is genuinely dangerous. The most harmful waste is gamma rays. When our body spend a penny in touch with the actinotherapy, it perk ups tumors and affects in damaging reproductive organs. After roughwhat 18 months inside of nuclear reactor, the uracil rods must to be changed. The re stationment of ever-changing the old rods with new rods takes nigh 2 months. Those old uranium rods are placed in container that locate in enormous peeing ice chest which as big as swimming pool. The problem is the water tanks are full of old rods and need another big storage place for them. There are various ideas of putting away those old rods. However, there are no final ideas that decided for this nuclear waste. If the waste is hide clandestine, it will take million old age to decay.In addition, twist the nuclear power whole works is very risky. Even the security standard is maximizing, but it cant avoid the accident. This accident will affect to both human and environment. The more nuclear power prove building, the higher probability of big failure disaster in the world. There is an example of nuclear power lay down accident. According to news, in October 1957, the core of a plutonium producing reactor was shamed by fire at Britain Windscale nuclear complex. Then the clouds of actinotherapy went into the atmosphere. There is a report that the leakages of radiation put on made a lot of victims in vinicity of Liverpool. Those victims were bloodless be spend a penny of the cancer death caused by that radiation. Moreover, there is another case of this nuclear power plant and this is the worst nuclear accident. In 26th April 1986, the Chernobyl nuclear power plant exploded and wees costd by fire. Then the radiation was released in wide area of europium countries. The victims are thirty one death people because of the explosion . Hundreds of thousands of people were move to different area and few of them are suffered of the effect of nuclear radiation. A single radiation of around 1 gray can cause radiation sickness. The acute effects caused by nuclear radiation are nau sea, vomiting, diarrhoea, fever and hemorrhage. When people near that nuclear radiation location, they whitethorn move over in few hours or days. Those acute effects are depending on the level of exposure. Uranium mining is also very harmful for health. chase from uranium mining is the largest radioactive waste source that damages peoples health. Indonesia is notable for its wealth of marine and fertile soil. If this nuclear power plant was reinforced in Indonesia, it requires a big land for it as the standard galosh quality. When there is error in the productivity, the radioactive material will go down into the sea and pollutes the water. If the water is contaminated, people those consume either water or sea animal will be dead.Furthe rmore, nuclear waste that comes from nuclear power plant can be used for terrorist attacks. This terrorist act could nurse huge effects for the strong world. Terrorist may use the radiological destructive bomb. When this bomb explodes, it will release the deadly radioactive particles to the contact environment. In United States, there are many radioactive wastes that located at more than 70 nuclear power sites in 31 different states. Dr. Bruce G. Blair (2001) tells that there is dirty bomb contains of deadly mix of set off and one of highly radioactive from nuclear fission named as atomic number 55 137. This tells that instead of building nuclear power plant, somewhat terrorist may get those wastes for creating a deadly radioactive bomb that is very harmful to whole world. Besides using bombs from the nuclear waste, some terrorist can use the technical jet to attack the nuclear power plant that will have got the uniform damage as radioactive bombs. The reason is the melting of nuclear reactor core will be released and there will create serious effects to the environment. Hiroshima bomb only use a artless barrel design and it is created using highly enriched uranium or plutonium. Nuclear power plant should not exist for the world peace with no extensive war with nuclear artillery unit.The energy source that needed for nuclear power plant productivity is uranium. Uranium is a scarce source that is limited to be used and it is not renewable energy source. The estimated tot up of uranium around the world is around 30 until 60 years depends on the demand for nuclear power plant. In the process of nuclear power plant, the uranium ore combined with fluorine to make a chemic compound named uranium hexafluoride. Then this compound is heated and vaporizes. Next, the molecule of uranium hexafluoride is very light and it will go through the filter easily. This will create the uranium hexafluoride with higher proportion 235U and the result is the enriched fuel . It shows that uranium is an main(prenominal) chemical for nuclear power plant productivity. The other energy source that also needed for combination with uranium is called plutonium.Moreover, the embody of running the nuclear power plant is very expensive. The apostrophize of it is divides into 4 types of cost. They are the building construction cost of nuclear power plant, the operational cost of the plant productivity and generating energy cost of the nuclear presidency waste from plant and cost of deactivating the plant. First is the construction cost of nuclear power plant that are divided into design flaws (the design of plant should be mighty made to prevent the leakage and other accident caused by this nuclear power plant), two hurdle licensing (In constructing a new plant, it is required to have both license to build the nuclear power plant and for run the plant), non uniform design (each design of the building and the equipment should have NRC licensing approval whi ch is very difficult to obtain). Second is the operational cost that used for uranium ore and dash for disposal waste. The price of uranium ore is around 0.05 cents per KW-Hr. In addition, the charge for disposal waste is 0.2 cents per KW-Hr. In 2004, the cost of producing electricity is 1.68 cents per KW-Hr. Third is the waste disposal cost. There are varieties of charge for waste disposal in some countries. In United States, nuclear power operation costs are charged 0.1 cents per KW-Hr only for this nuclear disposal waste. On the other hand, in Sweden, the cost of operations is charged 0.13 US cents per KW-Hr. However, in France, the cost of disposal waste is 10% of the construction cost which is very expensive. away is the cost to deactivating the nuclear power plant. In United States, the cost for deactivating the plant is USD $300 million. On the other hand, in British country, the cost of deactivating it is approximately 1 billion pounds each nuclear reactor.In addition, in some countries that have the nuclear power plant and uranium mining, they are doable to use uranium for different purpose such as to make nuclear weapon. This nuclear weapon is very dangerous. In the world war, when Nagasaki was bombed by atomic weapon, there are a lot of victims are dead in that region. If this nuclear weapon is used, the effect will affect to fractional of earth and kill a lot of populations. The energy of nuclear weapon are divided into 50% as the blast, 35% as thermal radiation (radiation includes infrared, ultraviolet light and soft x-ray in the same time as it explodes) and 15% as nuclear radiation. This radiation cause a very high temperatures around million degrees. Now Indonesia has the uranium mining located in several areas such as Kalimantan and Irian Jaya. If Indonesia make the nuclear weapon, it wont give safety to Indonesian people because the radiation still can affect to Indonesia with long range radius of explosion. subsist but not least, anoth er alternative energy sources are semiprecious than nuclear power. Nuclear power can only supply the electricity. However, nuclear power cannot replace the oil and gas that are used for vehicle and for heating. In general energy usage, our daily consumption is 86% for both oil and gas, another 14% is the electricity. The use of fossil fuels as alternative energy source creates low carbon energy quicker and the cost is cheaper. In addition, it is safer and it is not hard to get the license to build the plant compared with nuclear power plant. Another alternative energy source kindred solar power is also very efficient and the material for it is categorise as scarce source because it takes sunlight power to get energy. The other alternative energy sources that have no limit of uses are tidal power, wind power, geothermal power and biomass. Some houses are using solar power for water heater so it cheaper because it doesnt need any electricity. In the solar power productivity, there will be no authoritative waste and it is environmental friendly. Tidal power uses the pressure and power of sea water that generates electricity using the turbine. This tidal power productivity does not cause any pollution of other thread that can damage environment so it is environmental friendly. In addition, in Indonesia, there are some areas that have a huge wind and build a wind power plant for generating electricity is a good idea. The reason is because it doesnt cause any harmful waste and it is a renewable energy comes from wind. Furthermore, Indonesia can use geothermal energy source as consequence for electricity. Indonesia has huge lands and it is possible to make this geothermal plant that uses the heat of underground to bring up electricity. The deeper location of geothermal generator, the temperature will be higher and produce more electricity. In Indonesia, biomass can be another good root word for supplying electricity because there are a lot of fare wastes. In the process, that waste is useful to heat the generator and create electricity. Compared with nuclear power that can cause many environmental problems and harmful, another alternative energy source is highly recommended to be used for safety reason.To conclude, nuclear power plant should not be built in Indonesia. There are a lot of disadvantages of nuclear power productivity that may damage to surrounding environment. However there are another alternative energy sources that can be selected to be used for generating electricity effectively with minimum risk.

Central Giant Cell Granuloma in Eight Year Old Patient

Central Giant Cell Granuloma in Eight Year Old PatientINTRODUCTIONCentral colossus cellular telephone granuloma (CGCG) is a benign vulturous destructive osteolytic lesion of osteoclastic origin1 that ocur in the mandibula and maxilla and accounts for approximately 7% of all benign tumours of bedevils2. The world health organization (WHO) has defined CGCG as an intraosseous non-neoplastic lesion, consisting of cellular fibrous tissues that contain binary haemorrhage multinucleated behemoth cells, and, occasionally trabeculae of woven study3.The nature of CGCG is still controversial. Jaffe was hypothesized that this is a reactive and self curing lesion and included the terminology giant cell reperative granuloma. Later, the neoplastic hypothesis was raised to explain the fast-growing(a) subtype4. Recently, both reperative and neoplastic assumptions ar true, so that CGCG lesions argon patially reactive and partially neoplastic4.CGCG is an uncommon lesion that occurs in young adults onward the age of 30 days with a womanly preponderance5. There was a peak incidence for males between the age of 10-14 years and for females between 15-19 years of age6. It is more common in the anterior submaxilla than in the maxilla.Histological characteristics ar graduate(prenominal)ly cellular, fibroblastic stroma with plump, spindle- shaped cells with a last mitotic rate the vascular density is high. The multinucleated giant cells ar prominent passim the fibroblastic stroma but ar not necessarily abundant. They atomic number 18 very much set(p) most numerously about of haemorrahge6.Clinically, CGCG records a wide variety behavior that is ranging from a non- vulturine, asymptomatic (indolent) and slow out emersion lesions to an obstreperous, large, expansive lesion with rapid growth and aggressive sign and symptoms.Choung et al.7were the first described between the differences aggressive and non- aggressive lesions ground on signs and symptoms and histol ogical features. Aggressive lesions are characterized by one or more of the following features pain, paresthesia, root resorption, rapid growth, cortical perforation, and a high recurrence rate after surgical curretage.Radiogically, the lesion appears as a radiolucent area and it can be unilocular or multilocular with either well-defined or can be ill-defined margins8. Multiple lesions are rare and are often associated with a syndrome (i.e. Noonansyndorme, neurofibromatosistype I ) or with cherubism6. The radiological and histological apperances of CGCG are not pathognomatic, and therefore further examination such as origin tests, including thyrocalcitonin, phosphate, parathyroid endocrine gland and alkaline phosphate take carrys must be performed to actualise the diagnosis and to exclude hyperparathyroidism8.One of the handling choice for CGCG is curratege with or without supportive therapy, i.e. liquid nitrogen, cryo mathematical operation, peripheral ostectomy and Carnoys s olution and another treatment modality is aggressive en- bloc resection, resulting in varying degrees of deformity5. It results in serious mutilation of the jaw and face. Loss of teeth and of dental germs in young patients is also often unavoidable9. In growing patients, to preserve both aesthetic and functional fatality non-surgical methods such as intralesional pellets with cortico steroids, IFN- 2a and systemic dose of calcitonin are more and more used by clinicans. These alternative remedy strategies come in utilizable for large aggressive lesions to cure or reduce the size and thereof minimize the need for extensive surgical resection that can result in functional and aesthetic deficits in young patients.calcitonin therapy for CGCG was first inform by Harris in 1993 and since then several case spread overs fetch been produce of successful treatment of this lesion using different types of calcitonin and different strategies of face5.In this report a patient is presen ted with massive aggressive CGCG who were treated with chromatic calcitonin, as a single treatment modality, after initial treatment with intralesional steroid had failed.CASE REPORTAn 8- year- old male patient quetch of a tender/ non-tender pompousness on the left mandibular bomber area was referred to the oral and maxillofacial cognitive operation service at the Selcuk University, staff of Dentistry, in 2010. There was neither medical history nor trauma.Physical examination .cm, lymphadenopathy,Radiographically, in the left mandibular molar area a overspread radiolucencyBased on clinical and radiological run a riskings pre-diagnosis of CGCG was made and laboratory investigations were postulate to eliminate hyperparathyroidism (brown neoplasms) before treatment. Parathyroid hormone levels were demonstrate in regulation reference browses. Additionally low level of haemoglobin and high level of creatinin and phosphate were examined.An incisional biopsy was performed under local anesthesia. Histologically diagnosis of the lesion was proved as CGCG. Because of the patients age and dental development conservative therapy was preferred. Intralesional steroid stabs of a solution of Kenacort-A (10 mg/ml triamcinolone aqueous suspension, Bristol-Myers Squibb S.p.A, Loc.ta Fontana del Ceraso, Angani, Italy) were performed during 1 year but there was no resolution in the lesion. later initial steroid treatment was failed authors decided using intra impecunious (systemic) calcitonin treatment. Miacalcic two hundred IU/day nasal spray (Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA) (calcitonin-salmon) was preferred and performed 2 yearlong.Luckily any side effect was seen and the patient was showed exceptionally full(a) cooperation to treatment and. During systemic calcitonin therapy clinicians must be on the resilient about some side effect such as bloating or swelling of the face, arms, hands, lower legs, or feet, chills, cough, h indrance with breathing, difficulty with swallowing, dizziness, fever, itching, joint pain, brawniness aches and pains, nausea or vomiting, nervousness, puffiness or swelling of the eyelids or around the eyes, face, lips, or tongue, skin rash, sweating, tightness in the chest, tingling of the hands or feet, trembling or shaking of the legs, arms, hands or feet, trouble sleeping, crotchety weight gain or loss.Following calcitonin therapy there was a decrease in tumor size that was observed clinically. Preserving the teeth and growing jaw bone for natural mastication and facial aesthetic the tumor was not decided to operate. The patient has a three- year follow up and has any clinical or radiological sign or symptoms. railleryCGCG is an uncommon lesion that occurs more frequently in females. In most cases it appears before the age of 30 years. Mandibular lesion is more often than the maxillary lesion with a ratio 21. In the mandible the anterior and posterior regions are equally aff ected while in the maxilla, the anterior region is normally affected.(ant. Mu post. Mu)The clinical behavior of CGCG ranges from a slow growing asymptomatic swelling to an aggressive lesion that presents pain, local bone destruction, root resorption or tooth displacement. any(prenominal) authors collapse classified CGCG into two types, based on clinical and radiographic features. The first is non-aggressive CGCG, which is characterized by slow, almost asymptomatic growth that does not punch the cortical bone or baffle root resorption and has a low tendency to recur. The second is aggressive CGCG, which is characterized by pain, rapid growth, expansion, and perforation of the cortical bone, radicular resorption and high tendency to recur.Histologically, CGCG is characterized by the presence of multinucleated giant cells (MGC) in background composed of mononucleated stromal cells (MSC) with ovoid or spindle-shaped mesenchymal nuclei. The giant cells are typically seen in a hemorrh agic field containing numerous peaked(predicate) defined vascular channels, which may be quite prominent. A patchy distribution of cellular elements is one feature that helps differentiate CGCG fromtrue giant cell tumors. In aggressive lesions, Ficarra et al. describe more numerous giant cells in CGCG and Nougeria et al. showed that in aggressive lesions MGCs are usually more numerous, larger and uniformly scattered throughout the lesion.Flanagan et al. were the first to demonstrate that giant cells in CGCGs are osteoclasts through osteoclast- specific monoclonal antibodies staining. This report was bear in vitro chemical reaction of giant cells to calcitonin and showed the behavior of giant cells in cortical bone excavation typical of osteoclasts. It has been demonstrated that giant cells express calcitonin receptors. calcitonin therapy is based on these findings. It is though those giant cells are directly subdue in their function by calcitonin.Others, however, debate that CGCGs develop from mononuclear herald cells and, as such, are part of the granulocyte/macrophage lineage or are earlier of fibrotic origin.Although giant cells are the most prominent histopathological feature of CGCGs, the focus of pursuit has shifted to the role of the mononuclear cells. Recent studies devote shown that mononuclear cells, rather than the giant cells are proliferating compartment responsible for the biological drill of the lesion. de Lange et al. reported that the giant cells of CGCG are derived from subset of mononuclear phagocytes. These mononuclear precursor cells differentiate into mature giant- cells under the fix of RANKL expressing, proliferating, spindle shaped (osteoblastlike) stromal cells.Nougeria et al. designed a study to determine receptors of MGCs and find out their origin. This study showed, positive immunohistochemical carriage of receptor activator of nuclear reckon kB (RANK), tartrate- resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), vitronectin recepto r (VNR) and calcitonin receptor and these findings read suggested on osteoclastic phenotype for MGCs. The presence of CD68 glycoprotein and alpha-1-antichymotrypsin has suggested that MGCs boast a macrophage/hystiocyte origin.In the light of these findings aim of the treatment of CGCGs should include both inhibit osteoclastic activity of the lesion and inhibit the specialization of macrophage/ hystiocyte precursors into osteoblast like cells. Traditional treatment for CGCGs is surgical curettage. Some authors proposed ablation via curettage for treatment of CGCGs and the overall recurrence rate has been reported to range from 16 % to 49 %. A higher incidence of recurrence was undercoat in aggressive CGCG and younger patients, especially males. In growing patients, aggressive surgical approaches may result in facial deformities and patients may abide some of tooth germs. Eisenbud et al. indicate that surgical curettage with peripheral osteotomy is still not the safest treatment for CGCGs especially in aggressive lesions.The functional and aesthetic alterations as well as the psychological consequences caused by the surgical treatment of CGCG have encouraged researchers to look for effective alternative therapeutic strategies. Alternative therapeutic options for CGCGs are systemic calcitonin intralesional injection of corticosteroids and IFN-.Calcitonin has been administered as a nosespray and as subcutaneous daily injections. Recently only nosespray form is available. This hormone increases the influx of calcium into the bones, functions as an antagonist to parathyroid hormone, and inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption. Calcitonin has also been hypothesized to directly inhibit giant cells. In 1993 Harris was first reported total remission of CGCGs in 4 patients. On the contrary Kaban et al (1999) observed a significant growth following calcitonin therapy. chemical reaction of patients to calcitonin therapy is variable. Many factors can contribute to the v arious responses to calcitonin which have been reported in the literature. The different types of calcitonin (human, salmon) and the different types of boldness (subcutaneous injections, nasal spray) are some of these factors.With regard to the efficacy of calcitonin therapy, 3 phenomena have been recognizedPrimary resistance or primary non-response is noted.There is the supposed plateau phenomenon, denoting that the alkaline phosphates serum levels cannot be lowered beyond a certain point, irrespective of the calcitonin dose.The third potential problem is second-string resistance, also called the escape phenomenon. Patients who initially react well to calcitonin show a diminished reaction after some time. Increased activity of osteoclasts through loss of calcitonin receptors is the more likely explanation for this phenomenon.Intralesional corticosteroids injection for CGCGs treatment was first reported by Jacoway et al. (1988). This method hypothesized that the extracellular la bor of bone- resorption- mediating lysosomal proteases by giant cells in inhibited by steroids which also induce apoptosis of the osteoclast- like cells. In English literature, complete remission results from intralesional administration of corticosteroids in insufficient and the number of patients is very small. Especially, in large cases intralesional corticosteroid therapy may not be effective and may not provide of reduction in size. No reports in which the effectiveness of intralesional corticosteroid injection for CGCG is described separately for the aggressive type and non- aggressive type are available.Nougeria et al. indicated that MGCs may be similar to osteoclasts and macrophages/hystiocytes and that CGCG can be prompted to respond to calcitonin or intralesional glucocorticoid as shown in the literature. They reported the expression of glucocorticoid and calcitonin receptors in CGCG before and after treatment with intralesional injection of steroids. They concluded that g lucocorticoid receptor expression in the MGCs was higher in patients with a good response. The difference in calcitonin reseptor expression was not statistically significant between the aggressive and non- aggressive lesions and between the patients with a good response and with a modatare/ forbid response to treatment. Although aggressive CGCG had higher calcitonin receptor expression no significant difference in calcitonin receptor expression in different clinical forms of CGCG was found in this study. The treatment response was dictated using previously described scores. In which four criteria were considered stabilization or regression of the lesion size evaluated clinically and in follow-up radiographs the absence of sumptoms change magnitude radio-opacity in radiographs, representing peripheral and/or central calcification of the lesion, increased difficulty in solution infiltrating the lesion during the sequence of applications. If a case provided all of these, the response was inflexible to be good providing two or three criteria was determined to be moderate and providing one criteria or no criteria implied a nix response to treatment.Another alternative therapeutic agent is IFN-, it has angiogenic potential and it is a mediator in differentiation from mesenchymall cells to osteoblasts thus leading to an increase in bone apposition. Similar to corticosteroids IFN- is also capable of stopping rapid growth of their lesions and reducing their size, but it still necessary to use additional surgery to eliminate the lesion. In the literature only one case report was showed complete remission with IFN- therapy. Several reports suggest that IFN- administered as a monotherapy for aggressive CGCGs is useful for inhibiting the rapid growth of lesions and for reducing their size. Total remission of lesion cannot be achieved, because IFN- has no direct inhibiting effect on proliferating tumor cells and additional surgery is probably still required to eliminate lesions. Therefore, the effectiveness of monotherapy with IFN- is still questionable.CGCG is found predominantly in young adults. Surgical treatment of these patients might have resulted in physical and psychological diseases, such as developmental disorder of the mandible, dysfunction of mastication, and facial deformities, non- surgical treatment with systemic calcitonin administration which is a minimally invasive procedure and less costly and should be considered the first choice for treatment of CGCG in young patients.