Belonging: Overseas Chinese and Leah Essay

Belonging is a natural human instinct of how we define ourselves in the world we are living in. Our belonging to or connections with people, places and groups enable us to develop an unique characteristics in our personalities. Our perception of belonging is influenced by the personal, cultural, historical and social context of our surroundings. Identity, community, society’s attitude, relationships and culture are aspects of belonging that contribute to broaden or deepen our sense of Belonging or Not Belonging. The sense of not belonging felt by individual can be evolved to become a sense of belonging by factors of the aspects of belonging through experiencing physical or inner journey and vice versa. Identity is defined as the distinct characteristics of an individual possessed by which a person is recognized or known as. Individual who possesses a strong and unique personal or cultural identity will intensify their sense of belonging or not belonging. In the novel, the China Coin, by Allan Baillie, explores how personal and cultural identity of the protagonist, Leah Waters, could be changed from alienation of not belonging to acceptance of belonging by experiencing physical and inner journeys. In the beginning of the novel, Leah senses alienation and distanced toward China as she identify herself as an Australian instead of a Chinese. The monologue from Leah’s mind, ‘Couldn’t the woman see? She was not Chinese, not even an ABC – Australian born Chinese. Joan was Chinese, but Dad, David Waters, had been English. Didn’t it show? ’ suggested that Leah identify herself that she does not belong as a Chinese. A similar situation is also described in the film Avatar, directed by James Cameron, when the protagonist, Jake Sully, who was a disabled person that chosen for a mining operation in a distanced planet. Jake said, ‘so, here I am†¦ they offer me the gig because I could link with the avatar which is insanely expensive’. This reveal that Jake felt isolated and discriminated in the same sense as Leah towards China. The sense of not belonging will create a barrier that further prevents the willingness to belong in a new area. Leah’s sense of identity however gradually changed from not belonging to belonging, as it is shown in her monologue â€Å"No, you’re not Chinese, but you’re not not Chinese,† this suggested that Leah has recognized her identity as a Chinese and is willing to accept her multicultural identity. Relationship is the critical factor that can escalate the sense of belonging as it allows interaction between people which will increase their communication which in turns increase their understanding and this lead to an increase in the sense of belonging. In â€Å"China Coin†, the half ancient Chinese coin represents a separated relationship to Leah and Joan’s family. Throughout their journey, Leah and Joan expanded their relationship with the Ji family. Leah in particular changed her sense of belonging during her interaction with Swallow. Swallow said, â€Å"it’s all right, now you got a sister,† and Leah relied, â€Å"You? Yeah, thanks kid. † This suggested that relationship grew between Leah and Swallow through their conversation and this strengthen Leah’s sense of belonging. When Leah and Joan left the Good Field village, Leah said, â€Å"Will we ever see them again? † and â€Å"Yes. We’re family,† shows that this is a milestone where Leah as she sense belonging when she relate herself to the Ji family as her own family. Community acceptance and Society’s attitude are important factor which correspond to each other which magnify the sense of belonging. Community acceptance is being welcomed to be part of a family or group and society’s attitudes are the believes sees by individual. Community acceptance towards Leah and Joan is shown when they found the Good Field village. â€Å"Grandfather †¦ wrapped his arms about Joan. ‘Welcome back, Sister. ’† This is a touching scene that demonstrates Chinese community is welcoming towards their relatives which escalate their sense of belonging. A further example of community acceptance is when Joan had an accident and Leah was left alone. Ke, the son of the Zhu family, recognized Leah as a family member from the letter from Joan’s father and offered hospitality. â€Å"Leah should stay in my family’s house. She is my family. † This contributes to increase Leah’s sense of belonging as Ke assisted her when she was helpless because of Joan’s accident. The discriminative society attitudes directed toward Leah and Joan as foreign Chinese, however, restricted their growth of sense of belonging. The biased comment from the women on the train, â€Å"You Oversea Chinese do not know anything, just how to make money and get fat,† signal and deepen the barrier to belong in a new community when discriminative attitudes rumoured. A powerful example of the combination of community acceptance and cultural understanding that highlighted the emotional sense of belonging is that Jake Sully, the protagonist in the film Avatar, chose to belong to the alien natives, the Omaticaya, to against invading human when he himself is a human because he developed his sense of belonging as he learn the culture of the Omaticaya through understanding and challenges and he realize the deceiving tricks exercised by the human. Jake was accepted in the Omaticaya community as he said in his last video log, â€Å"†¦I’m not gonna be coming back†¦I don’t want to be late for my own party. It’s my birthday after all. This is Jake Sully signing off. † The community acceptances and cultural understandings are emphasized when Jake said, â€Å"It’s my birthday after all† with the conjunction monologue stating that, â€Å"the Na’vi say, ‘every person is born twice, the second time is when you earned your place among the people, forever’. † The sense of belonging is highlighted when Jake’s soul at the end was permanently transferred to his avatar via the spiritual ceremony conducted by the Omaticaya. With the use of extreme close up camera shot, it shows Jake belong to the Omaticaya community now as he opening his eye in his avatar body. In conclusion, during our lifetime, our sense of identity, the surrounding community, society’s attitude, the complex interaction of relationship and our culture will alter our sense of belonging or not belonging as we would experience physical or inner journey. It is critical and essential that we understand our sense of belonging or not belonging thoroughly in order to define ourselves in the world we are living in.

A clinical guide for nurse practitioners Essay

Reflection is a method used in clinical practice, where one expresses the experiences from a given situation, thus helping to learn and improve skills by applying the knowledge gained for future practice (Cottrell, 2011 and Schon, 1984). It is my intention to use Driscoll (2007) model of reflection to present my understanding of the issues I faced during a recent presentation to the medical centre. This case study involves a reflective account of a patient that I provided care for following blunt trauma, eye injury, sustained during exercise. Description of events A 23 year old male soldier presented to the medical centre complaining that he could not see out of his right eye, following being hit in the face with a blunt object. He was clearly agitated and distressed, as he was repeatedly asking if he would be permanently blind. Therefore prior to commencement of any physical examination I felt it was important to create a good rapport with the patient, in oder to gain his trust in my ability (Platt et al, 2001). Good communication skills are vital in building a therapeutic relationship with the patient. Hence I offered reassurance and advised the patient what examination and tests I was going to perform, in order to effectively assess his condition. Through the physical examination I was able to detect minor fractures in his zygomatic bone that where causing him pain. As the patient was concerned about losing his sight, I had to maintain a supportive environment while explaining the need for an Xray and further hospital input, without causing him undue stress. I assured him that he would regain sight in his eye and that the trauma had caused temporary blindness only due to the impact. Analysis of events It is important to take time to listen to the patient and understand how they are feeling following such injury (Barnes, 2003). However, due to the patient’s distress I was unable to begin a physical examination until I had calmed him down and reassured him that he was in good hands. Consequently, IÂ  found it difficult to deal with the patients’ behaviour initially as I was more concerned in ascertaining the extend of his injury. Although I soon realised that in order to gain his cooperation with the physical assessment I first needed to encourage the patient to relax and discuss his concerns. I feel I communicated well with the patient through the application of a well structured consultation and was able to gain an adequate history, to assist with the diagnosis of the patient’s injury (Seidel et al, 2010). Action following events Maintaining a therapeutic relationship with good rapport can be difficult in situations where the patient is uncooperative and/or distressed. Therefore, in order to find solutions for patients I treat it is imperative to learn many problem solving techniques, including effective communication skills (Egan, 1998). This situation taught me that building a rapport with your patient is just as important as developing physical examination competence. As offering encouragement to the patient ultimately led to a more productive consultation and improved patient/practitioner relationship. I intend to utilise the skills learned throughout this module to enable me to adequately adapt to stressful situations and communicate effectively with my patients. References BARNES, K. (2003) Paediatrics: a clinical guide for nurse practitioners. Edinburgh: Butterworth- Heinemann. COTTRELL, S. (2011) Critical thinking skills: developing effective analysis and argument. (Palgrave Study Skills): Palgrave Macmillan. DRISCOLL, J. (2007) Practising clinical supervision: A reflective approach for healthcare professionals. London: Bailliere Tindall. EGAN, G. (1998) The skilled helper: a problem-management approach to helping. London: Brooks/Cole. SCHON, D. (1984) The reflective practitioner: how professionals think in action. New York: Basic Books. SEIDAL, H.M., BALL, J.W., DAINS, J, E., AND BENEDICT, G, W. (2010) Mosby’s guide to physical examination. Philadelphia: Elsevier.

A Research Project for the Hotel Industry Essay

A Research Project for the Hotel Industry - Essay Example For example, the book included the research undertaken by Pegg and Suh, which examined the activities involved in service recovery, planning, responsibilities, outcomes and evaluation. (p. 31-34) What Prideaux, Moscardo and Laws provided for this study was a general framework that contextualized the subject within the hotel industry. There was a clear link between service, recovery and the hospitality business. In line with this resource is another important work, which is that by Young and Burgess (2010). Their research investigated and described service recovery as a form of marketing technology. It provided several empirical evidences that demonstrate how service recovery can address service aberrations. Furthermore, the researchers were also able to describe the relationship between service recovery and positive customer attitude. An understanding of the theoretical paradigm behind the importance of service recovery is critical in making sense of its relations to customer satisfa ction or profitability for hotels. In this respect, Bitner, Booms and Mohr (1994) designed a model based on the interaction between an organization and its customers. The investigated almost 800 critical service encounters as reported by employees in several hospitality enterprises such as hotels, restaurants and airline companies. The research revealed how service-related variables such as service recovery collectively dominate the factors that create a high quality interaction, which eventually leads to customer satisfaction. This theme was also the subject of study by Bolton as she investigated how organizations have embraced relationship marketing. This research found that organizations need to address the issues in different stages of their relationship with their customers and that once the customer experiences are not satisfactory; the relationship is likely to be very short. A fundamental element in Bolton’s finding is that the incidence and quality of service encount ers are critical indicators of whether an organization’s relationship with the customers will flourish. Literature specific to actual experiences on service recovery include Zeithaml, Berry and Parasuraman’s work on service delivery. This study identified the factors that affect the magnitude and directions of what they called as the â€Å"four gaps† on the marketer’s side of their service quality model. (p. 35) In the investigation, the role of service recovery was highlighted. It was found that this component is one of the service-related factors crucial in correcting service-related failures connected with: 1) the difference between consumer expectations and management perceptions; 2) difference between management perceptions of consumer expectations and service quality specifications; and, 4) difference between service quality specifications and the service quality delivered. (p. 35-36) For instance, consumers develop a set of perspectives and expecta tions based on word of mouth communications, personal needs and past experiences. They collectively underscore the importance of service recovery, especially in instances when service quality or service initiatives fail. Humphrey (2010) cited some actual examples to service recovery at work, which offered invaluable insights for this study. For instance, there is the case study of the Ritz-Carlton’

Introduction and Setting Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Introduction and Setting - Research Paper Example The movie or film series Star Wars is not at all an exception. Created by George Lucas on May 25th, 1977, the film was released by the 20th Century Fox to become a global phenomenon. The events that take place in Star Wars do so in a fictional galaxy, with the actors being humanoids or alien creatures and the area of residence and operation being the Galactic Empire. Force is among the prominent elements in the movie and acts as an all-present energy that knits the galaxy together, and can be tapped by those with the ability to do so. Through the force, the characters in Star Wars are able to realize the effecting of clairvoyance, mind control, telekinesis and precognition, among other supernatural activities. This force is seen to be amoral, in the sensed that while it can be used for good ends, it harbors a dark side that can instill hatred, malice and aggression when pursued. As far as the main characters are concerned and how they use the force, there are Jedi and Sith who use th e force for good (to save the universe) and evil (to own and control the universe), respectively. There are several ways in which Star Wars is heavily laden with mythological, spiritual and religious symbols, as has been previously mentioned and shall be divulged upon forthwith. Analyzing Mythological, Spiritual and religious Symbolism in Star Wars’ Synopsis The manner in which symbolism plays out in Star Wars is so fundamental that it does not just merely fortuitously correlate with some remote aspects and characters of the movie, but it also forms a complex weave which threads the entire trilogy together to form a complete and colorful synopsis. Specifically, in Star Wars, Luke Skywalker is compelled to fight the temptations emanating from the Dark Side, as a way of succoring humanity from the enslaving grip of the evil emperor, Dark Vader, together with other evil actors such as Java the Hutt. At the same time, there abound Biblical and spiritual mysteries littered through out the plot in Star Wars. This brings about a heavy sense of parallelism between the trilogy and Biblical accounts. In Star Wars, Darth Vader extends an olive branch to Luke Skywalker to the effect that upon accepting this olive branch, Skywalker would get to co-rule the galaxy with Vader, his father. This is seen in the Empire Strikes Back. This clearly brings to mind, the scriptural narration that is found in the Gospel of St. Matthew where standing on an exceedingly high mountain with Jesus, showed Jesus all the kingdoms of the world, the glory therein and offered to hand them to Jesus, should Jesus have paid him homage. This brings about the spiritual value of the importance of having the virtue of having focus and spiritual piety that will help one discriminate short-term conveniences for long-term good. Just as Christ forsakes the offertories being extended to him to do carry out a divine purpose of saving the world and its fullness from the devil’s, sin’s and d eath’s enslaving grip, so does Skywalker who refuses the overtures of Dark Vader, in order to save the universe from falling to slavery. The same idea is repeated in Jedi resisting the use of the Force in a negative manner as does Sith. Biblical or Mythological Imagery The quotations and

Group characteristics and development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Group characteristics and development - Essay Example Role of branch coordinator was to manage the branch, reporting to top management, looking after inventories, admissions, daily expenses account and fulfilling of targets. Role of faculty was providing customized service to every student, looking after academic related services and other staff for managing other activities like front and back end work, marketing etc. Rules come out with the positions. The group focused in delighting customers, fulfilling targets and working efficiently and effectively by being fully responsible for one’s work and maintaining good work culture. If any member violates this rules he/she would be warned once and if repeated, rewarded shown a pink slip. We also follow negative punishment method and appraisal method related to quality of work done in a month period. If we look at personality, then everyone have different personality and attitude because of different reasons, may be status, age, position, experience, education, intelligent quotient, etc. Anyone can approach the top management for any issues or confusions and way of interaction was formal. Some of them are very quiet and others are very aggressive as everyone has their own view of looking at the matter. Sometimes, unmanageable situations arise and it’s difficult to delight every member in a group. But we come out with a solution through brainstorming and feedback process involving each member in an organization that can at least satisfy each and every member in a group. A group in which I worked was different because, in my group there was high satisfaction level among each member, efficient and effective coordination among group members, mutual understanding, transparency, and a work culture that one will love to work with. Only problem faced by employee was that the management was unable to manage the branch properly and less decision making authorities were allocated to the ground level

The role and impact of marketing on the use and availability of drugs Research Paper

The role and impact of marketing on the use and availability of drugs in America and effective interventions to combat corporate marking strategies - Research Paper Example a moratorium on direct to consumer advertisements in order to give doctors an opportunity to learn about new drugs before patients demand prescriptions to ease their pain, bend their minds, or sleep through the night (2007, p.3). Direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) is a leading cause of drug misuse. The expenditure on direct to consumer advertising has been on a steady rise (Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation 2000). The influence of drug advertisements is on the rise too. A survey conducted in 2004 showed that doctors believed that direct to consumer advertisement affected how they interacted with patients and in their profession. Previously, drug manufacturers used to promote their drugs only to professionals in the health care sector so that they can explain how the drug works to their patients. The trend changed in the early 1990s and manufacturers changed their focus to consumers. Advertisements targeting consumers began to emerge. Marketing led to increase in spending on prescription drugs as patients began following up on their healthcare. This led to another problem as patients began demanding drugs they had seen on advertisements from their physicians. Due to this, manufacturers intensified their ad strategies is order to benefit from high sales. Some companies are suspected to be giving misleading information about their products. Some exaggerate the ability of their products to treat certain ailments or how fast they can cure a person once taken. It is for this reason that proper guidelines should be set on how companies advertise their drugs. One of the ways may be to require that any drug advertised should include a list of any likely side effects. Drugs advertised should also not be allowed to describe what they do. Drug should also be properly labeled in accordance to the set guidelines. Emotional style advertising should be prohibited as it misleads buyers. Other strategies like rising of the legal drinking age may help reduce accessibility to

How and why did the Industrial Revolution change the class system of Research Paper

How and why did the Industrial Revolution change the class system of Great Britain - Research Paper Example The low class was at the lowest level of the pyramid and was made of majority of the British population who worked in the farms and industries owned by other citizens. The upper class was the top most system and was majorly made of the members of the royal family among other rich and influential members of the societies. The emergence of the industrial revolution in the country created a major shift in the class system in the country, resulting into an upset and the empowerment of the low class citizens. Industrial revolution created a major shift on the traditional class systems in the country and led to the empowerment and enlightenment of the low class. Industrial revolution changed the British social fabric in a number of ways and this influenced the position of the low and high class citizens alike. During this period in the history of Great Britain, the citizens thinking and behavior was confined to their status in the society. This created a situation where emphasis was placed on the position of the family and the place of birth of an individual as opposed to their abilities and skills2. However, the emergence of the industrial revolution during the Victorian period completely changed everything in the country. As opposed to emphasis and focus on the social hierarchy, this period witnessed a shift towards economic class and empowerment. The industrial revolution contributed to the shuttering of the traditional Georgian society and focuses on social class and defined the new Victorian era. The 18th century social changes that were witnessed in Great Britain came as a result of the new invention, legislations and impetus that added to the country’s economy3. Before the industrial revolution, the royal reserve and bank system was under the control of the high class members of the society. Few citizens were allowed to access loans and therefore participate in the different industrial and agricultural

Elements of a Contract Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Elements of a Contract - Assignment Example Ball parks are not included in an offer. It does not request for proposals of a letter of intent. Indicating general intent to launch into a contract and inviting persons, to give their offers is what constitutes an invitation to treat. An offer goes beyond mere display of intent. For instance, displaying cars in a motor vehicle shop together with their prices does not constitute an offer waiting for interested customers to walk in and accept the offer. Rather, it becomes an offer when a customer comes and selects the car of the price they want and goes to pay for it. The motor vehicle seller will then decide to, either accept the offer, or not. A contract that has a high value has a longer time of offer (Blum, 2007). Acceptance Acceptance is an expression by the person who receives the offer that they have accepted it. Acceptance needs to be an absolute and unconditional agreement that a person will abide by the terms spelt out in the offer(Drake, 2007). The person who gave the offe r needs to see to it that the person receiving it has understood it well. It ought to come before the expiry of the period of offer. Otherwise, acceptance can only be valid after the given time of offer has lapsed if the one giving the offer renews that period. Where the time of the offer has been stated as ‘reasonable’, usually, the circumstances of such a case will define what is reasonable. If there are conditions attached to the acceptance or the terms of the offer changes, the involved parties are negotiating. Legal consideration Consideration is needed in order to make the contract valid. Parties exchange promises or make an act as to the agreement. Consideration is what makes such an arrangement binding. Consideration denotes some form of benefit to the one who is making the offer and a corresponding cost to the one accepting the offer. It could be monetary, some form of right or interest. The parties agree on how much consideration is adequate. This consideratio n needs to be something valuable. Such an agreement is subject to the courts deciding whether to enforce it, especially with regard to the adequacy of the consideration(Helewitz, 2007). A past promise cannot be a consideration. It is must either a new promise or benefit in exchange of the offer. Capacity A valid contract is between competent parties. Legal capacity is defined by several factors. There are people who are not free to enter into a valid contract, and their consent is treated specially. People who have mental impairment may not understand the terms of a contract. Legal capacity of mentally impaired people will largely depend on whether there is a genuine consent. Since consent depends on an individual’s understanding of a contract, the complexity or simplicity of a contract matters(Burton, 2009). Courts may have to come in if it is established that the individual who was making the offer knew of the disability of the contracted person and was out to take advantag e of them. The contract can also be suspended if the benefit that the second party received has not been sold to another that was not involved in the contract. If it had been sold, the third party is informed of the possible outcomes so as not to be bound by the contract. There are some people with mental impairments who are assisted by administrators that are legally appointed for them. Such people cannot enter contracts freely

Bioterrorism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bioterrorism - Assignment Example Bioterrorism is a deliberate attempt to discharge biological agents to spread illness and eventually death of the inhabitants of particular geographical area. These biological agents may be bacteria, viruses or their toxins, either in their natural form or in their modified forms, or with enhanced virulence developed by humans to bring disaster. These agents can spread into the environment through air, water or food. It is enormously complicated to differentiate and detect the presence or these agents as they do not display any immediate complaints and also may not show symptoms for days. Thus, they serve as weapons which are cost-effective, trouble-free to disseminate and are capable of creating an extensive fear (Web- Bioterrorism Overview). One of the most discussed action was noticed in September-October 2001 in USA where numerous cases of anthrax bust out. These cases were due to the deliberate attempt and extended through letters carrying the potential anthrax agent, letters were delivered to the offices of news media along with the office of U. S Congress. Receivers of the letters were victimized with anthrax. Later on when tests were performed the strains were labelled as from a domesticate source. This incidence has paved the way for bio-terrorism and has wagered the meaning of biodefence and biosecurity, as it is highly focused exploitation of biological techniques (Web- Bioterrorism Overview). Bioterrorism agents can be categorized on the basis of the intensity of ailments or fatal consequences they create. Three categories are enumerated on the basis of the risk they dispose. Category A encompasses agents with highest risk while Category C encompasses agents with up-and-coming terrorization for disease. Agents belonging to Category A include: Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis); Botulism (Clostridium botulinum toxin); The Plague (Yersinia pestis); Smallpox (Variola major); Tularemia (Francisella tularensis); Hemorrahagic fever (Web-

Logistics business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Logistics business - Essay Example In my business, I opted in the import of vehicles business. The business is planned according to the requirements of the federal government. The first step that I looked is the partnership between local traders who are essential to the business survival. They are the main consumer of the imported goods hence the important to partner with them. Import business is essential to any nation around the world since no country can survive on its own. In my business, we use clearance services and shipping services that make importing the vehicles easy and flawless. Complete customs clearance is offered to my client’s special requirements. On the on other hand, after buying the vehicle the entire process is handled by team of professionals within the company. The services have enables the company to beat other competitors in terms of market competence. In details concerning the services offered, it is a requirement that the vehicle must be admissible to the US and customers always check to comply. After that the notice is submitted to the customs department before the transaction is affected (http://worldtraderef.com) . There are also charges that are required from the customers, for example 5% GST among other charges. The business also require different documents from the clients such as bill of sale, certificate of title or producer’s certificate of source, and recall clearance letter. In any business, customer care service is a key factor to help the business in maintains good relationship with customers and other stakeholders. Handling the whole process of car import to the customer is an important strategy to help the business gain more clients hence more income profit for the business. It also encourages customer loyalty to the business. Staying in touch with the customer is an important strategy that helps the business understands the needs of the customer and where to improve for the benefit of

Human Resource Development & Job Satisfaction Essay Example for Free

Human Resource Development Job Satisfaction Essay Opportunities for training and development are paramount in decisions regarding employee career choices. It is important that those in the human resource development (HRD) look at how their work affects those who they provide service. HRD is a field that focuses on training, career development and organizational development with the goal of improving processes and enhancing the learning and performance of individuals, organizations, communities and society (Judge and Saari, 2008). To accomplish this task, HRD practitioners must look at how training and development programs affect those employees who participate in them. They must be aware of how employees who participate in them perceive the information presented. They must be aware of how employees feel about the training and programs offered to them, and they must understand the components that make up job training satisfaction from the employee standpoint. Employees use the trainings as a framework to base the company upon. Job satisfaction is a major factor in decisions regarding people’s careers; however it is naive to assume that people work primarily to achieve professional fulfillment and job satisfaction (Caruso, 2011). In fact, they seem to work because what they get on the job enables them to achieve whatever they want to achieve off the job. On the job, they must produce, which sometimes equals no enjoyment. Every person has different reasons for working. The reasons for working are as individual as the person. But, we all work because we obtain something that we need from work. The something obtained from work impacts morale, employee motivation, and the quality of life. To create positive employee motivation, treat employees as if they matter because employees matter (Judge and Saari, 2008). These ideas will help you fulfill what people want from work and create employee motivation. Compensation levels and competiveness are higher than ever before and the casualties are factors like job satisfaction. Literature Review A satisfied or happy employee may begin to develop an approach of self-complacency, and an overall sense of well-being, and consequently, his temperament may reflect his disposition (Caruso, 2011). As a result, it is all too common to see that the productivity of the employee does not always closely follow his upward level of happiness. Does that mean that employers don’t want happy employees? No, however that don’t desire to gain employees that forget why they’re employed in the first place. Another important aspect of this situation is the level of constructive conflict. If properly used and applied in the organizational arena, the managerial imbedding of a limited degree of beneficial conflict does indeed shake these smug people and satisfied employees out of their fatigue and enables them to achieve a certain individuality of action. Viewed from the perspective of the organization the key issue is not having satisfied, happy employees but maximizing productivity, the bottom line being profit (Caruso, 2011). A generation of employees who feel entitled to employee satisfaction has entered the workforce and several generations of employees for whom work never quite fulfilled their dreams, are leaving. And, they are leaving in the worst of economic times which will affect their satisfaction with the rest of the quality of life they experience. This downward trend in job satisfaction raises concerns about the overall engagement of employees and ultimately employee productivity, retention, creativity, risk-taking, mentoring, and in overall employee motivation and interest in work. Factors contributing to employee satisfaction include treating employees with respect, providing regular employee recognition, empowering employees, offering above industry-average benefits and compensation, providing employee perks and company activities, and positive management within a success framework of goals, measurements, and expectations (Egan and Young, 2004). You can tell your colleagues, coworkers and or staff how much you value them and their contribution any day of the year. No occasion is required to tell someone job well done or keep up the outstanding efforts. In fact, small surprises and tokens of your appreciation spread throughout the year help you and the people in your work life feel valued all year long. Employee recognition is limited in most organizations (Egan and Young, 2004). At my place of employment, employees complain about the lack of recognition regularly. My supervisor would respond by asking, â€Å"Why should I recognize or thank her? She’s just doing her job. † These factors combine to create work places that fail to provide recognition for employees. Employers who prioritize employee recognition understand the power of recognition, because they see the adverse effect of it in the employee. HRD employee job satisfaction is situational. Employee job satisfaction depends on the company and its practices, the expectations and needs from work, the quality of the supervision, the health of the industry, the competitiveness of the job market, the state of the economy, the success of the company, your mentor resources, and more (Lleana and Simmons, 2008). The inconsistencies are what make employee job satisfaction so challenging. Since the day to day job cycle can’t be predicted, it’s safe to say that employee satisfaction can’t be either. Conclusion The most influential factor in job satisfaction appears to be the degree to which employees think their job makes good use of their skills and abilities. This is closely followed by the extent to which employees think the work they perform is meaningful. If employees believe their work and the work of their organization is important and makes good use of their skills, there is a very good chance they will be satisfied with their job, even if they are not as positive about other aspects of the job. The next major component of satisfaction appears to be whether employees believe they are treated with respect. Higher job satisfaction is associated with working conditions where employees believe their opinions count and where they receive recognition for the work they perform. Job satisfaction is related to how well an organization is managed. This component does not seem to work in isolation from job fit and respect. In other words, a well-managed organization does not turn into high job satisfaction scores in the absence of a good match between employees and the job, or under conditions where employees do not feel respected for what they do. When a lack of respect is felt amongst an employee, a lack of respect is shown for the job at hand whether it be through work performance, attitude, or respect reciprocated. HRD is a career field that requires one to interact with others on a daily basis. With that being said, one must always exhibit a pleasant persona for the simple fact that what they do has a major impact on the individuals that they come across. HRD is also a career field where you are constantly assisting others in job advancements and etc. within an organization, which to me is satisfying all within itself.

Hot Cross Bun Formulation

Hot Cross Bun Formulation The purpose of this study is to reflect on the package of care offered to a client and to critically evaluate the evidence base for the model which might be considered best practice for a specific client problem, or issue. This entails identifying a particular clients presenting issues while describing the evidence that is available for a suitable therapeutic approach, or model which would promote best practice. The study will reflect on a client who has been diagnosed with post- traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a result of a road traffic accident (RTI) and concentrates on the use of imaginal exposure therapy (IET) for the treatment of symptoms. Triggers and maintenance factors contributing to the clients deteriorating well-being will be explained using formulation as well as the protective and predisposing elements that were explored in therapy. Relevant literature will be cited throughout and appropriate research articles that have been critically reviewed will be discussed. Pre sentation, referencing and informed consent are consistent with the School of Health and Social Cares guidance and have been adhered to throughout this assignment. Introduction PTSD is an anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to one or more terrifying events, in which grave physical harm occurred or was threatened. It is a severe and ongoing emotional reaction to an extreme psychological trauma. The trauma may involve someones actual death or a threat to the individuals or someone elses life. The PTSD sufferer is affected to a degree that usual psychological defenses are incapable of coping. Reports of battle-associated stress appear as early as the 6th century BC. PTSD-like symptoms have been recognised in many combat veterans in many conflicts since. These symptoms have been called shell shock, traumatic war neurosis, and Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome (PTSS). The modern understanding of PTSD dates from the 1970s, largely as a result of the problems that were still being experienced by Vietnam veterans. The term Post Traumatic Stress Disorder was coined in the mid-1970s. Early in 1978, the term was used in a working group finding presented to the Committee of Reactive Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association. The term was formally recognised in 1980 in the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association. Although a controversial diagnosis when first introduced, PTSD has filled an important gap in psychiatric theory and practice. From an historical perspective, the significant change ushered in by the PTSD concept was the stipulation that the etiological agent was outside the individual him or herself (i.e., the traumatic event) rather than an inherent individual weakness (i.e., a traumatic neurosis). The key to understanding the scientific basis and clinical expression of PTSD is the concept of trauma. DSM-IV-TR criteria for PTSD In 2000, the American Psychiatric Association revised the PTSD diagnostic criteria in the fourth edition of its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)(1). Diagnostic criteria for PTSD include a history of exposure to a traumatic event meeting two criteria and symptoms from each of three symptom clusters: intrusive recollections, avoidant/numbing symptoms, and hyper-arousal symptoms. A fifth criterion concerns duration of symptoms and a sixth assesses functioning. PTSD is unique among other psychiatric diagnoses because of the great importance placed upon the etiological agent, the traumatic stressor. In fact, one cannot make a PTSD diagnosis unless the patient has actually met the stressor criterion which means that he or she has been exposed to an historical event that is considered traumatic. Clinical experience with the PTSD diagnosis has shown, however, that there are individual differences regarding the capacity to cope with catastrophic stress so that while some people exposed to traumatic events do not develop PTSD, others go on to develop the full-blown syndrome. Such observations have prompted a recognition that trauma, like pain, is not an external phenomenon that can be completely objectified. Like pain, the traumatic experience is filtered through cognitive and emotional processes before it can be appraised as an extreme threat. Because of individual differences in this appraisal process, different people appear to have different trauma thresholds, some more protected and some more vulnerable to developing clinical symptoms after exposure to extremely stressful situations. Although there is a renewed interest in subjective aspects of traumatic exposure, it must be emphasised that exposure to events such as rape, torture, genocide, and severe war zone stress, are experienced as traumatic events by nearly everyone. The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) has published guidance to help the National Health Service (NHS) recognise and treat people who develop PTSD after traumatic events. Recommendations include psychological treatment in the form of trauma-focussed cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and/or a course of anti-depressant medication while receiving therapy. Trauma-focussed CBT focuses on a persons distressing feelings, thoughts (or cognitions) and behaviour and helps to bring about a positive change. In trauma-focused CBT, the treatment concentrates specifically on the memories, thoughts and feelings that a person has about the traumatic event. Imaginal exposure therapy (IET) is a component of trauma-focused CBT and involves revisiting the traumatic memory or memories in a safe and controlled environment so that the intensity of the individuals anxious and fearful reactions (thoughts, emotions, physical sensations and behaviours) is reduced. Clients are exposed to the trauma memory by repeatedly describing the events of the trauma aloud until the anxiety response is reduced. This process is referred to as habituation. The treatment aims to eventually eliminate the fearful responses so that the client can face a feared situation without experiencing anxiety or fear. The goal IET is to process the trauma memories and to reduce distress and avoidant behaviours that the traumatic memory evokes. CBT, as we know it today, is a result of a group of modern related therapies that have empirical psychological support. There have been two main influences to modern CBT and these are behaviour therapy (BT), as developed by Wolpe, Skinner and others in the 1950s and 1960s and cognitive therapy (CT) as developed by Beck and others in the 1960s and 1970s (Westbrook, et al. 2011, p2). Freudian psychoanalysis had dominated the psycho-therapeutic world since the late 1800s, but in the 1950s, Eysneck and others in the psychological community questioned the lack of empirical evidence to support psychoanalysis. As a result, BT developed within the academic and scientific psychology community, basing its methodology on observable events between stimuli and response. Despite the success of BT, there was still some dissatisfaction with what was seen as the limitations of a purely behavioural approach (Westbrook, et al. 2011, p3). Beck and others were developing ideas about CT as early as the 1950s; these ideas focussed on mental processes such as thoughts, beliefs and our interpretation of events, and continued to maintain an empirical approach to validate its theory to the psychological world (Westbrook, et al. 2011, p3). Although Beck was not the first to link faulty behaviour with irrational thought and unhealthy emotions, his work revolutionised the psychology world a nd continues to be used today. Background to the Client Throughout this assignment the client will be referred to as T. Protecting the clients identity complies with the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the British Association of Cognitive and Behavioural Psychotherapies (BABCP) guidelines regarding client anonymity as described in the Ethical Framework for Good Practice and fulfils the requirements of the Universitys School of Health and Social Cares policy on confidentiality. T was seen in a primary care setting with a counselling service that offers short to medium term therapy for clients over the age of 16 years. She was referred to the service by her GP. She is a 25 year old female who is married with two boys aged 7 and 5 years. She is currently unemployed and lives in social housing with her husband who works in a local factory. T was raised and lived in an area where the 2007 Index of Deprivation (ID2007) indicates deprivation is 110.6% higher than the national average. There is a higher proportion of the working age population claiming incapacity benefit than the County average (Area Action Partnership). T first went to her GP shortly after being released from hospital after an RTA. She was a front seat passenger and received injuries to her face, arms and legs which included severe bruising, cuts and a temporal mandibular joint (TMJ) injury. Three months after the accident T continued to experience nightmares and flashbacks. The GPs letter to the service noted the clients deterioration and the original diagnosis of acute stress disorder (ASD) that had been diagnosed in the first month following the accident was amended to PTSD. Several studies have provided convincing evidence that early CBT treatment of ASD reduces the possibility of the development of PTSD (Moulds, et al. 2009, p16). ASD was introduced into the fourth edition of the diagnostic statistical manual (DSM) in 1994. The diagnostic criteria for ASD (Appendix A) are similar to those of PTSD, but differ in two fundamental areas. Firstly, ASD can only be diagnosed in the first month following the traumatic event and secondly, ASD includes a greater emphasis on dissociative symptoms (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). During their consultation, the GP noted that T had become withdrawn and distanced from her family and friends, she reported feeling like she was watching the world from inside a bell jar, this dissociative symptom is described as derealisation, and is common in ASD patients (Simeon and Abugel, 2006, p86). The GP assessed T using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ 9) and the General Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD 7) which resulted in scores of 15 and 19 respectively. These scores indicate that T was suffering with moderate to severe anxiety with depression. T was seen over a period of 13 sessions. The duration of each session lasted between 1 hour and 90 minutes. Longer sessions were included to provide sufficient time for sharing the trauma history and allow time for anxiety levels to decrease (Leahy and Holland, 2000, p197). The contract between the counselling service and T was explained. This included informed consent to tape sessions, confidentiality and its limitations and an evaluation of risk. Evaluation of risk is an important part of the therapeutic process and is done throughout therapy. It involves assessing the client, the environment and also the therapists own personal and professional limitations (Mueller, et al. 2010, p 65). CORE OM was used to calculate a risk score and also to assess Ts suitability for therapy. The Cognitive Therapy Rating Scale as developed by Safran and Segal was not available to the therapist during the first session, but subsequent reviewing of the scale indicated that T was a suitable candidate for cognitive behavioural interventions. CORE OM score is shown below in figure 1. Prior to developing a treatment plan, the therapist socialised the client to CBT explaining the evidence that supported using CBT interventions for PTSD. (Bryant, et al. 1999) and (Westbrook, et al. 2011, p81-83). First session therapist notes detailed Ts past history, the development of problems and the protective factors in her life (Appendix B). T was clear about what she wanted from therapy. Her problems fell into three main areas: (1) Nightmares, poor sleep, anxiety around bedtime, which resulted in an increased irritability with others; (2) Avoiding travelling in any form of transport, which resulted in her relying on others to take her children to school and other social or sporting events; (3) Withdrawing from friends and family, which led to her isolating herself socially. She believed that if she avoided all forms of transport and stayed inside, she would reduce the chances of experiencing any flashbacks or getting very panicky which she found extremely distressing and frig htening. T and the therapist created a Problem and Goal form to capture this information (Appendix C) and agreed to discuss the problems and goals again when the treatment plan was formulated. The specific client issue selected is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). PTSD is defined as a common anxiety disorder that develops after exposure to a terrifying event or ordeal in which grave physical harm occurred or was threatened (DSM-IV-TR: 463). The DSM-IV-TRs criteria are precisely written as: exposure to a traumatic event, persistent re-experience of the event, avoidance of the stimuli, persistent avoidance of increased arousal, duration of disturbance and impairment of social occupational or other important areas of functioning. Within the criteria there are subsets portraying greater detail of the types of symptoms that may be experienced by the client (Appendix A). T was seen over a period of 13 sessions. The duration of each session lasted between 1 hour and 90 minutes. Longer sessions were included to provide sufficient time for sharing the trauma history and allow time for anxiety levels to decrease (Leahy and Holland, 2000, p197). The contract between the counselling service and T was explained. This included informed consent to tape sessions, confidentiality and its limitations and an evaluation of risk. Evaluation of risk is an important part of the therapeutic process and is done throughout therapy. It involves assessing the client, the environment and also the therapists own personal and professional limitations (Mueller, et al. 2010, p 65). CORE OM was used to calculate a risk score and also to assess Ts suitability for therapy. The Cognitive Therapy Rating Scale as developed by Safran and Segal was not available to the therapist during the first session, but subsequent reviewing of the scale indicated that T was a suitable candidate for cognitive behavioural interventions. CORE OM score is shown below in figure 1. Prior to developing a treatment plan, the therapist socialised the client to CBT explaining the evidence that supported using CBT interventions for ASD. (Bryant, et al. 1999) and (Westbrook, et al. 2011, p81-83). First session therapist notes detailed Ts past history, the development of problems and the protective factors in her life (Appendix B). T was clear about what she wanted from therapy. Her problems fell into three main areas: (1) Nightmares, poor sleep, anxiety around bedtime, which resulted in an increased irritability with others; (2) Avoiding travelling in any form of transport, which resulted in her relying on others to take her children to school and other social or sporting events; (3) Withdrawing from friends and family, which led to her isolating herself socially. She believed that if she avoided all forms of transport and stayed inside, she would reduce the chances of experiencing any flashbacks or getting very panicky which she found extremely distressing and frigh tening. T and the therapist created a Problem and Goal form to capture this information (Appendix C) and agreed to discuss the problems and goals again when the treatment plan was formulated. The therapist asked T if she could recall her most recent experience of a flashback (Figure 2a). T reported that the pattern of events leading to feeling panicked or experiencing a flashback were the same. She would make an effort to do a certain activity, but flashbacks and panic were triggered by (in particular) smells or sounds that could not be avoided. The hot cross bun formulation in figure 2a tracks events from leaving the house, hearing cars and smelling petrol, which was the trigger point. On this occasion T reported having a clear memory of being trapped in the car (which was also her recurring nightmare), she could remember smelling petrol and hearing the screeching of brakes. Her brain misinterpreted these signs for an actual threat, creating distorted thinking: Ive got to get home something terrible is going to happen, hostile emotions; fear, anxiety and terror, unpleasant physiological reaction; heart pounding, shaking, feeling nauseous, which led to her avoidant behavi our to reduce her anxiety and escape her perceived fearful situation. Flashbacks are defined in DSM IV as a recurrence of a memory, feeling, or perceptual experience from the past (American Psychiatric Association,1994). Another example of a flashback involved T sitting in her garden when a neighbour was mowing the lawn with a petrol engine lawn mower. T could smell the petrol and this triggered a flashback to the events of the RTA. The therapist encouraged T to follow the formulation and create her own diagram based on her experience in the garden (Figure 2b). T and the therapist were able to look at both diagrams and see that the pattern was similar. A sound or smell was identified as the trigger in both examples. Her thought process, affect and physiology were similar, but crucially, this led again to her avoidant behaviour. Hot Cross Bun Formulation Event/Trigger: Walking to the shop to buy milk, hearing the cars and smelling petrol Flashback of being trapped in the car Thoughts: Im going to die, Ill never see me children again Ive got to get away from here Ive got to get home, something terrible is going to happen Behaviour: Emotions: Escape the situation Fear Tearful Terror Anxiety Physiology: Heart pounding, Nausea, Tense, Sweating, Shaking Based on Hot Cross Bun (Padesky, 1993) Hot Cross Bun Formulation (originally hand drawn by client) Event/Trigger: Sitting outside in the garden, having a cup of tea Hearing neighbour start up his lawn mower Smelling petrol from the lawn mower Flashback of fear of being burned alive Thoughts: Oh God! Its happening again Ive got to get inside the house. Ill be safe there Behaviour: Emotions: Tearful Fear Needing to get inside the house Terror Anxiety Physiology: Heart pounding, Nausea, Tense, Sweating, Shaking, Based on Hot Cross Bun (Padesky, 1993) T and the therapist discussed the process of recording details in this format and agreed that it gave them both a greater understanding of Ts situation. This collaborative approach is characteristic of CBT and was necessary when working towards a treatment plan for factors that needed to be targeted in therapy and homework setting. Padesky and Greenberger (1995, p6) explain the importance of the client and therapist working as a team, particularly as clients may have an expectation that the therapist is going to fix them. Milton (2009, p104) agrees adding that the therapist also plays the role of a trainer, encouraging the client to become an observer of themselves in order to challenge their thoughts, feelings and beliefs. Westbrook et al (2011, p238) cites Kazantzis et al (2002) in providing evidence of greater improvement in those clients who complete homework. T was keen to monitor any anxiety provoking scenarios at home using the hot cross bun model. She was aware that if her se cond goal was to be achieved (Appendix C) she needed to reduce and eventually eliminate her avoidant behaviour (Wells, 1997, p49-50). A treatment plan was discussed and agreed with T based on her problem list and goals for therapy (Appendix C). The treatment plan included the following elements: Pyscho-Education Grounding and Safety Work Imaginal Exposure Therapy Cognitive Restructuring Relapse Management The session on psycho-education gave T the opportunity to learn about her symptoms, and to recognise and anticipate them for effective management. Fisher, (1999) states that psycho-education is an essential element for stabilising a trauma client. Briere and Scott (2006, p87) agree, adding that psycho-education provides the client with accurate information about the nature of their trauma, which gives them a greater understanding of their situation. Psychoeducation involved justification of use of IET, a history of our learning experience and the fight or flight response. Regular reference was made to the clients formulation so that she could understand how and why her threat response had been activated. Once T understood her anxiety response in relation to her experiences, she felt ready to continue onto the next stage of therapy. Grounding and safety work was completed prior to IET. Herman (1997, p155) argues that the central task of the first phase of trauma therapy must be safety. The client needs to feel safe within themselves; learning grounding and safety skills gives the client the opportunity to manage potential uncontrolled flashbacks. This also formed part of Ts relapse management in the later stages of therapy. Once safety and grounding work was completed, the therapeutic process moved onto the trauma itself using IET. Throughout therapy there were opportunities to explore Ts present situation and past events. This information was initially written down in a mind map format and shared with T during the session. As additional information was gathered in subsequent sessions this was written in longitudinal format (Figure 3). From the information gathered, the client recognised how and why she had always been the rescuer in the family. This included an age inappropriate responsibility when her father had left the family home and T had taken on the role of carer to her distraught mother and siblings. She suffered an emotional breakdown at the age of 14, over whelmed by the pressure of doing well at school so that she could get a good job and support the family. T recognised how this belief system developed after her father left and how it was effecting how she saw herself in the present. During therapy T and the therapist discussed the importance of this belief and how it had allowed her to cope during those years growing up. The therapist asked what purpose this belief served in her life now when she was happy with her family and well supported by her husband. She no longer needed to be the rescuer. T and the therapist explored how this belief may be affecting what was happening to her when she was fearful of having a flashback. T concluded that she needed to add I must always cope to her beliefs in Figure 3 and I cant cope to her thought process. T recognised the contradiction between this thought and her rescuer belief. Longitudinal Formulation Early Experiences 5 years old, Dad leaves family home Oldest of four children, Takes on a helping role Later supports mother through depression Breakdown at school aged 14 years due to self- imposed pressure Met future husband aged 16,Pregnant at 17 years and married at 18 years old Beliefs Its my responsibility to take care of everyone and make things right I must always cope Assumptions and Rules I must be perfect and do everything right, otherwise I will let everyone down If something goes wrong it will be my fault Critical Incident Car Accident Activation of Beliefs Its my responsibility to save everyone Automatic Thoughts I should have got B out of the car. I didnt do everything I could have I failed. I cant cope with this Behavioural Emotions: Avoidance Fear Social withdrawal Anxiety Fearful to go outside Guilt Fearful to travel in any transportation Worry Physiology Poor Sleep Tense Heart Pounding Sweating The goal of IET is to expose the client to the memory of the trauma rather than to relive the trauma itself. Ts therapy involved her retelling the story initially in the past tense and then in the present tense. An important part of the healing process was encouraging T to bring those traumatic memories to mind, in a safe and trusting environment, while remaining in the present. The client learns through repetitive description, that the memory of the event is not dangerous and will also allow habituation to take place (Zayfert and Becker, 2008, p127). T decided that she would record the sessions on the voice recorder section of her mobile phone and listen to the recordings at home as part of her homework. Zayfert and Becker (2008, p130) emphasise how critical listening to the tapes at home is as the repetition is vital if the exposure is going to be successful. The therapist explained that T would be asked to close her eyes and describe the events of that day. Leahy and Holland (2000, p 198) suggest breaking the clients story down into smaller parts if there are a series of traumatic events. T was asked to recall the events of that day in terms of chapters; several chapters were listed (Appendix D). Ts experienced anticipatory anxiety at the thought of retelling the story and this was discussed. The therapist reassured her she would be experiencing the memory, that the RTA was not happening right now and that she was safe in the room and could open her eyes at any time. T began at a point in time when she felt safe and ended the narration at a point in time when again she felt out of danger. The therapist explained the Subjective Units of Distress (SUDS) Rating Scale and then T began narrating her story in the past tense and was allowed to do this uninterrupted; the therapist only intervening to check on Ts anxiety. Ts SUDS score was noted for each chapter (Appendix D col A). At the end of each session, T was given time to process her experience before leaving. T gave the therapist feedback on how she felt sessions had gone, and what, if anything she had learned. The next session involved the client narrating the story, but this time in the present tense. T found this difficult at first and often resumed the past tense. T and the therapist had discussed the likelihood of this happening and T agreed that the therapist would prompt her to return to the present tense. SUDS scores were again noted (Appendix D col B). T reported being surprised at the change in scores from the previous week. There were certain sections of the story that T found very difficult to narrate; these sections were narrated without much detail. After discussing this briefly, T and the therapist listened to the recording of the present tense narration. T recorded SUDS levels herself (Appendix D col C) and once complete, the three SUDS scores were examined and discussed. T noted how scores had both increased and decreased from first narration to second narration, but that all scores had reduced on her first listening to the tape. T was then asked to grade the chapters and chose five (the most anxiety provoking) to work on. The five chapters were listed chronologically (figure 4) and then in order of their anxiety rating (figure 5). For the next five sessions each chapter was narrated and listened to repeatedly until Ts SUDS rating had dropped; starting with the least and working towards the most anxiety provoking. The therapist asked questions relating to the clients senses and emotions and physiology so that her memories were fully activated (Leahy and Holland, 2000, p197). To Ts surprise, narrating in the present tense and sensory questioning produced additional memories that T had not remembered in the previous narrations. Figure 4 Chronological Order 1Â  Car flips over upside down smell of petrol 2Â  Wood coming towards the car 3Â  The car door wont open (Ts recurring nightmare) 4Â  B is not moving 5Â  G is screaming at T to get them out of the car Figure 5 Order of Severity Least to Worst 5 4 3 2 1 Wood coming towards the car Car flips over upside down smell of petrol G is screaming at T to get them out of the car The car door wont open (Ts recurring nightmare) B is not moving The therapist noted the five chapters as hot spots (Figure 6) and asked T what her thoughts were when she brought the scene to mind. These were also noted together with the emotion that went with them. The therapist was able to challenge Ts distorted thoughts through cognitive restructuring which included her rescuer belief that she was somehow responsible for getting everyone out of the car that day. Once SUDS levels had been reduced for all five chapters Appendix E), T was able to say out loud her re-evaluation statement for each chapter accepting and believing it. Fig 6 Re-Evaluation of Peak Experiences Hot Spot Thought Belief Emotion Re-Evaluation The car has flipped Ive survived the crash Fear I did not burn to death. Over onto its top; there but now Im going to burn I did not die, I did survive Is a smell of petrol to death the experience and I am safe now. Its over. THIS IS A FACT Wood from a fence is The wood is going to hit Fear The wood did not hit me or anyone else. Flying towards the car me. Ill never see my boys I did survive the experience. I am safe. again. My children are safe. Its over. THIS IS A FACT The car door wont open. Its not going to open, Terror I was not trapped. I did get out of the car. It just wont budge at all Im trapped. I am not trapped now, I am safe now. Its over. THIS IS A FACT B goes limp and his head Oh my God! B is dead Terror B did not die. He did survive the accident Falls forward He is safe now. Its over. THIS IS A FACT Sister G screams to T to I must break the window. Fear We all got out of the car. We did not die. Get them all out of the car I have to get us all out. We are all safe now and its over. If I dont break the window THIS IS A FACT Were all going to die Outcomes and Personal Reflection Ts post therapy CORE score of 31 (figure 7) represents a mean score of 0.912 (9.12) and falls within the healthy range of the Core measure. As there is a mean difference of over 5, this, according to CORE measurement indicates a clinical and reliable change (CORE ims). Fig. 7 Core OM Results Pre and Post therapy Pre Post Well Being 14 06 Functioning 21 05 Risk 02 00 Problems 42 20 Total 79 31 Ts presentation improved in the finals stages of therapy. Her cuts and bruises had healed well and she was no longer suffering with TMJ. T reported healthier sleeping patterns, but still with occasional dreams. She believed that she had spent so much time listening to her chapter on being trapped in the car that she became fed up of listening to it, rather than it provoking any anxiety. She was able to travel as a passenger in a car, and also to drive the car herself, but did not feel ready to drive on her own in the car. As a result understanding her an

Management of a Care Facility

Management of a Care Facility Introduction Managers are tasked to create their organisation’s vision in such a way that it will aide in assuring future stability. This academic paper will discuss how an organisation’s vision is created, communicated and implemented and how this vision will pave the way for conceptualizing its strategic direction in a chosen residential home. The residential home care that was discussed in this paper is a home care that provides older adult services to about 60-70 residents with various geriatric needs. The residential home care is divided into units depending on the needs assessments made on each resident during their admission. There are about four nearby residential home cares providing the same services. The home care is the newest of the four and is gradually gaining recognition within the serviceable area. In its everyday operations, bulk of the employees consists of nurses and health care aides. Major problems faced by the organisation are the shortage of nursing staff along with the need to expand the business due to increase influx of clients being admitted. The vision and its stakeholders An organisational vision is a statement of what the organisation wants to do and hopes to become in the future (Nagelkerk, 2005). In creating a vision, it must first be congruent with mission and philosophy of the organisation and anchored on shared values and beliefs (Polifko-Harris, 2005). At the same time, the vision must be dynamic and motivational to its stakeholders because the vision is said to be meaningful only to those who are involved in its creation (Roussel, 2011; Thamm, 2011; Allen, 2007) A stakeholder is a person or a group that takes strong interest on organisation (Kelly and Tazbir, 2013). In health care industries such as the residential home care, the stakeholders include the patients or clients, nurses, medical practitioners, insurers, administrators, and accrediting bodies (Kelly and Tazbir, 2013). In vision planning, consideration of the stakeholders and fostering a good relationship with them are very crucial as their involvement and engagement in the organisation can bring the vision into reality (Kelly and Tazbir, 2013; Malloch and Porter-O’Grady, 2010). They must be adequately represented as they are expected to support management initiatives and perform certain roles for fulfilling organisational success (Gantz, 2010; Harris et al, 2010). As Sare and Ogilvie (2010) say, nursing is a people-centered profession and thrives in involvement. The more we get to involve people to share in the organisational vision, there is higher likelihood that the visi on will be put to reality. Oftentimes, it is heard that only those in the middle and upper management make decisions and policies for the organisation. However, it is not only them who must be involved in creating the vision. In the chosen health care setting, the stakeholders include the elderly residents and their families, the nursing personnel and other employees, unit managers and supervisors and the board of directors. Feedbacks and perceptions of service users are crucial in service improvements. Thus, satisfaction of the elderly residents and their families must be solicited from them. Moreover, the people working for the company especially the nursing staff who provide direct nursing care must be considered. Nurse leaders need to make the employees committed to the organisation and gain ownership of its goals and objectives so that the vision can be brought to reality (McIntyre and McDonald, 2013). Nurses who are motivated and satisfied in their work are more likely to perform better that contribute t o better patient outcomes (Potter et al, 2014). As mentioned, the home care is now facing a shortage of nursing staff which can affect their level of dedication and work quality (McGilton et al, 2013; Peng et al, 2013). This should be one of the things that must be considered if the management would want to make the nursing staff form a sense of ownership of the vision. Factors that may impact the organisational vision Aside from the stakeholders, there are influential factors that must be paid attention to if the organisation is to create a feasible vision. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors can be assessed using SWOT analysis (Kelly and Tazbir, 2013). These factors that need consideration include the areas of operation, finances, competition, changing needs of clients, technological advances, changing political climate, market conditions, economy, competition, current trends and issues in healthcare (Nagelkerk, 2005). Organisational vision and strategic decision In consideration of the characteristics of the residential home care, its stakeholders and other environmental factors, the created vision is written below: â€Å"Our vision is to be the foremost residential home care for older adults in the community that promotes independence and higher quality of life through excellent and safe nursing care. The next step would be to create the strategic direction for the organisation. In the strategic management process, the strategic direction is the long term goals and objectives of the organisation that outlines the purposes of the organisation and its operational scope (Enz, 2009). It must be anchored on the organisation’s mission and vision statements (Enz, 2009). In consideration of the strategic direction, the organisational competencies will be assessed together with surrounding environmental factors (Wilson, 2005). In developing the strategic direction, answers to the following questions will be sought with the help of the management and key stakeholders: 1) What are the expertise of the home care?; 2) What kind of home care will it be in three or five years?; 3) What type of population will we be serving?; 4) What additional functions or services are we going to provide given the evolving market?; 5) What are the technology requirements given the evolving market?; and 6 ) What changes are taking place in the internal and external market that will affect the home care? (Paley, 1999). Communicating the vision One of the qualities of a highly effective leader is the ability to make the people involved in the organisation understand and remain committed to the vision (Gill, 2011). Continuous and sustainable communication of the vision enables members to be clearly informed of the current status of the organisation and its future directions (Gill, 2011). When properly communicated, shared vision prospers and stakeholders will most likely understand their roles and responsibilities in realising the vision inspite of uncertainties and problems along the way (Papp, 2001). The created vision will be communicated by: 1) finding key persons who will motivate others to listen and be engaged in the vision; 2) setting-up a formal communication team who will disseminate the new vision through advertisements and staff education; 3) including the vision in marketing ads of the home care; 4) place posters containing the vision in strategic locations within the organisation; 5) spark conversations among p eople around about the new vision; 6) create activities such as contests that are themed based on the vision; 7) get other’s feedback and perception of the new vision through personal interviews and group discussions; and 8) use social media and other information-dissemination technology that will keep others informed and reminded of the vision (Center for Creative Leadership, Cartwright and Baldwin, 2011). Right leadership for vision sharing For the organisation to see the fulfillment of its vision, everyone with vested interest in it must work collectively through appropriate leadership and management behaviours. Making everybody feel that they own and share a common vision is a major focus of transformational leadership. According to Bass and Riggio (2006), leaders must appeal to the followers’ sense of self-worth to ensure their commitment and involvement in the entire efforts and activities of the organisation. Transformational leaders motivate their followers to always put their best in what they do, empower them by making them involved in crucial organisational activities, and allow them to expand their potentials and abilities (Bass and Riggio, 2006). Followers are able also to develop a strong sense of identification with the organisation that moves them to working and thinking not just to suffice their self-interests (Hutchinson and Jackson, 2012).In nursing, transformational leadership has been seen as a model of leadership that is enabling, empowering and suitable for nurses to remain committed to excellent and safe care practises (Lievens and Vlerick, 2014; Ross et al, 2014; Schwartz et al, 2011). To embed the vision to the followers, the leaders must employ the four components of transformational leadership. These are idealised influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individual consideration (Doody and Doody, 2012; Schwartz et al, 2011). In idealised influence, the leader must be seen by the followers as a role model (Doody and Doody, 2012). The manager of the home care must set an example by ensuring that all personal actions are in accordance with the vision. They must be the frontline communicator of the vision to the staff and be the first person to act when everyone is having difficulty fulfilling the vision (Doody and Doody, 2012). Inspirational motivation must also be applied by encouraging followers to always work to achieve organisational goals and objectives while at the same time achieving their own goals (Bally, 2007). Allowing members to participate in decision and policy-making exemplifies intellectual stimulation (Schwartz et al, 2011) . For example, the nursing staff can be involved in projects and programmes that will be launched to achieve the vision and strategic direction of the home care. Lastly, leaders in the home care must be open to the individual needs of the followers by supporting them in their actions, giving them recognition for their efforts and allowing them to achieve professional growth (Schwartz et al, 2011). Rewards and incentives can be given to those staff who exceptionally performed to achieve the goals set by the home care. They may also be given opportunities for further trainings and in-service education to make them more competent. In turn, these activities can bring about better services and improved patient outcomes. Organisational objectives Organisational objectives are the prescribed actions that will be used to achieve and evaluate organisational goals (Kelly, 2011). Based on the vision, the following are the organisational objectives: Our residential home care aims to: Deliver client-centered and holistic care to our residents Create a therapeutic environment for our clients Provide compassionate, ethical, safe, caring and dependable nursing services Commit ourselves to quality improvement and safety standards Increase the services we provide based on our clients’ changing needs Put the organisation and clients’ needs first before our own interests Respect, value and empower people within the organisation Support individual growth and opportunities Increase stakeholders’ satisfaction Move for organisational stability and viability Strategic planning process Strategic planning is the process of setting the future direction of the organisation through alignment of its mission and vision with its actions to achieve the desired outcomes (Feldman and Alexander, 2012). The strategic planning process that will be done follows Odiorne’s recommendations (as cited in Swansburg, 1996): Gap analysis. This involves identification of the problems of the organisation in order to determine what the organisation wants to do about it in the future. Examining extrinsic factors. Assess outside influences that contribute to the problems identified. Enumerate the critical issues. From a pool of problems identified, select the most pressing issues and those which more likely create a high-impact on the organisation. Ranking the important. Plan according to the most important issues for the organisation. Decide. Decide on the issues by involving all key stakeholders. Time and resource planning. Construct a time frame as to when the objectives should be met. This will also include identifying who will be responsible and the resources that will be needed. Summary and Conclusion Managing an organisation is never an easy task. It gets more difficult as the organisation becomes more complex and the needs of stakeholders continue to rise. Nurse managers and leaders must be able to consider all factors inside and outside of the organisation and every individual who has an interest to it. Leaders and managers must craft a well-defined and shared vision to make everyone involved in the organisation to remain committed and motivated towards fulfilling it. Such work will entail the need to adopt transformational leadership through idealised influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individual consideration. With the new vision, it is likewise necessary to craft the strategic direction and objectives of the organisation. In doing so, leader-managers must be able to align these to the vision, mission, philosophy, and values of the organisation. When all of these are in place, the organisation can now move to making a strategic plan for the entire organisation.

Create a Writing Technology :: Invention Writing Technology Technological Essays

Create a Writing Technology I never thought about writing something down with a pen on plain lined paper involved technology. It always seemed to me that those things were around, pen and paper had just been there, for one reason or another for the purpose of writing down things, organizing ideas, or just jotting down notes. Much like Ong says, â€Å"The fact that we do not commonly feel the influence of writing on our thoughts shows that we have interiorized the technology of writing so deeply that without tremendous effort we cannot separate it from ourselves or even recognize its presence and influence. (Tribble and Trubek, 316-317) Creating a writing technology is something that takes a lot of thought. The process, materials, words written down, and the purpose of writing things down although common to modern society, was something that proved daunting to create. When I was assigned to create my own writing technology I thought, â€Å"that’s going to be easy.† It was not easy. When conflicted with this assignment, the first thing I had to think about was â€Å"what am I going to write with?† I decided after what seemed like hours of brainstorm, to settle on a stick for a writing utensil. Next came ink. I first debated on creating my own ink, for this I would have to use things like books, or the Internet. Since books or use of the Internet were not in the spirit of the assignment, I used something else. I had to think what would stick to a surface and create enough of a contrast that someone would be able to read it. I came up with the idea of using some sort of fresh fruit. Frozen fruit, although cheaper, probably wouldn’t have worked well. Blueberries, as expensive as they were, seemed to be the best solution. I mashed the blueberries into a little dish, and then began to write. But then I realized I had nothing to write on. Making paper would have been hard. I can’t write on the ground, cause it wouldn’t be as permanent or portable. I found some bark from firewood that my dad had cut up. I grabbed the biggest chunk and began to write using my own creation.

Small Business Management: Childs Pay :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This article was about owners of small businesses and how they compensate their children who are also involved in the family business. This article contained significant points. Three significant points that this article made were about over compensating, market rate, and what is expected of the children to run the family business.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over compensating may and may not be a good thing. It may be good in helping an entrepreneur improve their business because the child might think that since they are getting paid more, that more is expected of them. If they follow that rule the child will help out and benefit the business by going ahead and doing extra beneficial things or just going the extra mile. The downside however is that the child will do the complete opposite and not benefit the business at all.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Market rare is also good in helping an entrepreneur improve their business because it can help prevent the loss or â€Å"wasting† of money. I think a child might benefit from market rate in a sense that they do not expect things to be just handed to them and that is a good quality to have. It can make them appreciate the value of a dollar and maybe even appreciate their job a little more. You can always give them incentives and extra gifts to add a little more to their pay as well and to make market rate not so bad for them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lastly, what is expected of the child will help an entrepreneur improve their business because it will make their business run more smoothly and successfully. Having your child go to college, meet special qualifications or just do other things to learn more about the business will benefit the business, I think in a great deal.

Solutions to the Air Pollution Problem in America Essay examples -- En

Solutions to the Air Pollution Problem in America   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is steadily becoming harder to breathe these days. Every major city in the world is experiencing the ill effects of air pollution. The level of toxic air pollutants, known as toxics, has been on the rise globally, though not nationally, since the Clean Air Act of 1990, according to Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards [OAQPS], an office within the Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]. However, though more regions -- i.e., cities, metropolitan areas, rural areas, etc. -- are meeting the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, certain areas were and still are designated as "nonattainment" areas. These areas are regions which do not meet all the National Ambient Air Quality Standards [NAAQS] for ground-level ozone, a primary constituent of smog (USEPA-- National Air--Ozone and Carbon Monoxide 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What are air pollutants and what is their composition? According to studies done by Brigham Young University on air pollution, air pollutants are made up of sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, ozone, and lead (Health Problems 3). They are in particulate form meaning these compounds are particles 10 microns in size -- i.e., the diameter of an average human hair. In fact, most sources agree that these are the main components of outdoor, versus indoor, air pollution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Locally, the state of Arizona has had trouble with sulfur dioxide levels in the past near mining areas such as Globe-Miami (USEPA--Breathing Easier 5-2,3). Those problems have been addressed and have been reported as below the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (USEPA--Breathing Easier ES-2,5-2,3). The big problem which remains is withi... ...tants: A Citizen's Guide." March 1991. United States Envirmental Protection Agency. Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation. Office of Air and Radition. Environmental Indicators. [WWW document]. URL Go To, July 17, 1996. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1995. Ozone and Carbon Monoxide Air Quality Update. [WWW document]. URL Go To, 1995. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air and Radiation. 1995 National Air Quality Trends Brochure -- Toxic Pollutants. 1995 National Air Quality: Status and Trends. [WWW document]. URL Go To, 1995. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Region 9 Air And Toxics Division. Breathing Easier: 1996, A Report on Air Quality in California, Arizona, Neveda and Hawaii. Update Report, September, 1996.

Stock and Long Term Trend

Team 1 Monmouth Case 1. Is Robertson a good candidate for Monmouth (assuming the price is right)? Why? Yes. Robertson Tool Company had been going through a few years of low sales and profit, and, coupled with conservative financial and accounting practices, was far behind the normal growth rate for companies in its industry. Robertson’s 50% control of the market for clamps and vises, along with its good position in the scissors and shears’ $200 million market, let it compliment the diverse holdings of Monmouth.These are attractive attributes of Robertson, but the selling point lies in the distribution network consisting of 2,100 wholesalers and 15,000 retail outlets. The Robertson products are sold in 137 countries worldwide. This avenue to market Monmouth and Robertson products across resources could lead to above average growth and profits. 2. Estimate a WACC for the acquisition. Invested Capital| ? | $37,696,000 | ? | ? | ? | Debt| | $12,000,000 | | | ? | Equity| | $ 25,696,000 | | | ? | ?| | | | | ? | Current market price| | $44 | | | ? |Shares outstanding| | 584,000| | | ? | ?| | | | | ? | Unlevered Beat of Comparables| | 0. 725| | | ? | Debt/Capital of Comparables| | 32%| | | ? | Levered Beta| | 0. 86| | | ? | Risk free rate| | 4. 10%| | | ? | MRP| | 6. 0%| | | ? | ?| | | | | ? | Cost of equity| | 9. 28%| | | ? | ?| | | | | ? | Sources of capital| | | Weights| | After-tax cost| Debt| | | 31. 83%| | 3. 64%| Equity| | | 68. 17%| | 9. 28%| ?| | | | | ? | YTM| 6. 070%| Tax Rate| 40%| WACC| 7. 5%| 3. Discuss whether you think the forecast prepared by Vincent and Rudd is reasonable. Why? Be specific.We think the forecast is not reasonable since they forecast was too optimistic and subject of their sales growth. a) The growth rate estimate in the future they use is approximately 6%. The current growth rate is just 2% that cannot be increased as 2 times as large in a short time, although it might increase due to the sales increase after the merge and acquisition of the Monmouth and Robertson. b) NWC should be as a percentage of sales. c) Terminal Growth rate shouldn’t be zero but around 2%. d) The estimations of SG&A cost and COGS are reasonable.The merger and acquisition will result the percentage SG&A and COGS of sales respectively gradually decrease by increasing the manufacture efficiency and inventory turnover. Therefore, we decided to change the growth rate from 6% to 3% in the pro-forma, we will have the value of the firm calculated out from the pro-forma is $50 million instead of $56 million. 4. Prepare a value estimate for Robertson equity using the DCF method and info from steps 2 and 3 above. ?| Actual| Forecasts| ?| 2002| 2003| 2004| 2005| 2006| 2007| ?| | | | | | ? | NOPAT| 1. 8| 2. 4| 3. 1| 3. 8| 4. 2| 4. 4|Plus: Depreciation| 2. 1| 2. 3| 2. 5| 2. 7| 2. 9| 2. 9| Less: CAPEX| | -4| -3. 5| -3. 6| -3. 8| -2. 9| Less: Change in NWC| -1. 4| -1. 5| -1. 6| -1. 6| 0. 0| Firm Free Cash Flow| -0. 7| 0. 6| 1. 3| 1. 7| 4. 4| ?| | | | | | ? | ?| | | | | | 81. 9| Firm Value (millions)| 85. 95| | | | Terminal g| 2%| Less: Debt| 12| | | | | ? | Equity Value| 73. 95| | | | | ? | Shares Outstanding| 584000| | | | | ? | Price per share| 12. 66| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 5. Estimate a value for Robertson equity based on the comparables approach. | Actuant Corp. | Briggs & Stratton| Idex Corp. | Lincoln Electric| Snap On Inc. Stanley Works| Robertson Tool Co. |   | | | | | | |   | Collection Period (days)| 55| 77| 47| 61| 96| 77| 53| Inventory % Sales| 12%| 18%| 13%| 17%| 18%| 16%| 33%|   | | | | | | |   | Operating Margin % Sales| 17%| 13%| 20%| 15%| 10%| 15%| 5%| Return on Capital| 21%| 9%| 10%| 12%| 11%| 14%| 4%|   | | | | | | |   | Times Interest Earned| 3. 8| 3. 2| 7. 1| 11. 5| 7. 8| 9. 3| 3. 5| Debt % Capital| | | | | | |   | ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   balance sheet values| 98%| 52%| 30%| 27%| 29%| 40%| 28%| ? market values| 29%| 37%| 20%| 17%| 19%| 24%| 37%| Bond Rating| BB-| BB+| BB B| -| A+| A| -| | | | | | | |   |Value of Firm ($ mil)| $ 712| $ 1,443| $ 1,191| $ 1,145| $ 1,861| $ 3,014| $ 29| EBIAT ($ mil)| 55| 119| 98| 90| 129| 234| 1. 80| EBIAT Multiple| 12. 8| 12. 1| 12. 2| 12. 7| 14. 4| 12. 9| 16. 1|   | | | | | | |   | Share Price| $ 42| $ 42| $ 29| $ 22| $ 26| $ 27| $ 30| Earnings Per Share| 2. 80| 3. 20| 2. 00| 1. 78| 1. 80| 2. 32| 2. 32| Price/Earnings| 15. 0| 13. 1| 14. 5| 12. 4| 14. 4| 11. 6| 13. 5| Average p/e multiple is 13. 5 Use the p/e multiple to multiply Robertson’s earning per share=13. 5*2. 32=31. 32 Now Robertson issued 584,000 shares So the equity value is 18,290,880 6.What price will be necessary to gain the support of the Robertson family, Simmons, and the majority of shareholders? What are the interests, concerns, alternatives for each group? . | Robertson| Simmons| Majority of SHs| Price| $32. 82| $50| $30| Interest| Distribution system| Interested in electrical equipment, tools, nonferrous metals, and rubber products| To improve the EPS of Monmouth in the next five years. | Concerns| A relatively poor sales and profit performance| NDP Stock price fluctuates| Poor company Performance Relative to the Industtry| Alternatives| NDP, Simmons, Monmouth| 133000 shares| NDP vs Monmouth| . Does Monwouth have an advantage over NDP in the bidding contest? Do you think NDP will raise its offer in response to Monmouth offer? The synergies created by a merger between Monmouth and Robertson are clearly greater than that of NDP. As a publisher and manufacturer of auto parts, the benefits would not be as many as that of Monmouth. NDP must consider how much it is willing to spend or borrow in order to make a bid greater than Monmouth. If Simmons receives his $50/share, he will be accepting of the merger, and support Monmouth.This will turn the favor to Monmouth, as an acquisition by NDP would surely devalue the resources of Robertson instead of using synergies created by mixing markets and offering new, complimenting , product lines. In fact, as Robertson is undervalued in the market because of unsystematic latencies and inefficiencies, the $50/share price demanded by Simmons might be less than the long-term gain inherent in the merger of Robertson and Monmouth. 8. What price can Monmouth pay without harming its long term trend in earnings per share ? Finance texts focus on net present value of cash flow to make investment decisions.Are companies therefore foolish if they make acquisitions based at least in part on earnings per share impact? First, we need to forecast Robertson’s net income if it is acquired by Monmouth, assuming its interest expenses will be $0. 8 million for the next five years. Second, we will forecast Monmouth’s total net income after acquisition of Robertson. Monmouth must raise funds to make this acquisition. The company anticipated making the acquisition by issuing stocks. Thus, we will calculate how many shares Monmouth should issue without harming its long term trend in earnings per share, and total shares outstanding after acquisition.We know that currently stocks of Monmouth and Robertson closed at $24 and $44, respectively; therefore, we can calculate the exchange ratio as $44/$24=1. 83x. If Monmouth acquired the entire Robertson by an exchange of stocks at a price of $44 per share, the shares that Monmouth needs to issue is 1. 07 (1. 83*0. 584) million. As a result, Monmouth’s total shares outstanding after acquisition would increase to 5. 28 (4. 21+1. 07) million. Now we know the total net income and total shares outstanding after acquisition, we can then calculate the after-merge earnings per share of Monmouth.According to the table below, the row in green shows that the after-merge EPS is lower than the before-merge EPS during the first two years, but will become higher in the following three years. Therefore, if we paid $44 per share for Robertson’s stocks, we can acquire the entire Robertson’s stocks wit hout harming Monmouth’s long term trend in earnings per share. Using the same techniques, we can estimate the price range that Monmouth can pay without harming its long term trend in earnings per share.We can use the Goal Seek function in Excel to estimate the highest exchange ratio. As you will see in the table below, the exchange ratio can increase up to 1. 98x without harming Monmouth’s long term trend in earnings per share. Therefore, using the exchange ratio of 1. 98x, we can estimate the per share price paid for Robertson’s stocks. The estimated price would be $47. 52 (1. 98*24) per share, higher than Robertson’s current trading price of $44, therefore will attract the shareholders of Robertson’s to sell; but still on’t harm Monmouth’s long term trend in earnings per share. However, EPS plays very little role in deciding whether an acquisition is good or not, since a company’s net income after acquisition and total shares outstanding can be affected by many factors. Acquisition will bring synergies to the acquiring company, such as cost savings and efficiency. Also, the acquiring company may not need to buy the entire target company’s outstanding stocks to gain control. As a result, EPS could also change due to these factors. Thus, NPV is a better alternative to value an investment.

Systhesis of Dulcin

deduction of Dulcin Objective The main objective of this research laboratory is to gain experience at a typical synthesis and semi-microscale recrystallization. Discussion Questions 1) How immobile should the temperature be asc windupingd when determining a melt down decimal consign? When can the temperature be raised much quickly? 2) If thither is an Impurity present in a sample, what is the load on the dissolve present? 3) Explain why a) salt, spread on roadstead in the winter, helps prevent frosting in, for instance, southern Ontario, and b) salt is uneffective on the much colder roads of Manitoba. ) You would pitch to slowly raise the temperature up when determining the run point due to the sensitivity of the dulcin beingness satisfactory to tack from solid to liquid state at any point. If the temperature is piece to gritty to fast it is possible to miss the change of state and not be able to record the time which is why it should in briefer be set pretty s low. If set in high spirits too fast it volition melt faster causing the melting point to be inaccurate. As soon as you lease the general melodic theme of when change in state forget occur, that is when you can probably raise the temperature more quickly. ) If there are impurities present in the sample it can cause many a(prenominal) problems, it can lour or raise the boiling point due to it having an effect on the dulcin itself. Basically it leave profit the range of the boiling and melting points, which will give an inaccurate reading. If the dulcin were to be full virtuous the range would have a difference of maybe 1 to 2, having an scoria would make a huge difference. 3) common salt is sprinkled on the streets so that when it mixes with the moisture and the pissing it creates a saline solution mixture.This mixture has a lower freezing point thusly normal water does so that elbow room it would only freeze at lower temperatures. This fundamentally prolongs the icing process and basically can fully prevent grump from put to working on the roads. On older colder roads of Manitoba it reaches the colder temperatures necessary to freeze over the saline mixture which ends up making it useless to do. Conclusion Yield To calculate you mustiness take the amount of rough-cut dulcin you started with and have it divided by the pure dulcin then(prenominal) multiply it by 100 to get a %. Pure Dulcin 0. 6168g Crude Dulcin 1. 2356g resolve point of crude 167-171Melting point of pure 174-176 The recrystallization process is one that has been tested quaternary times and been proven effective in many experiments. In our experiment I would have to say that it was a rattling effective process due to the melting points that we were able to get with our products. The melting point for the crude substance was between 167 and 171 . This shows that the crude definitely had rough impurities in it keeping it a bit away form the theoretical melting point. The me lting point of our pure substance was between 174and 176 which is real extremely close to the theoretical melting point.This shows us that the recrystallization process does an extremely well-grounded job, even though it takes a stria of time and effort to do it. thither way be some flaws with it and some error that can come some with how the apparatus is set up or how the students take care of the products. In the end it is a great process and if the technique is done properly and precisely the effectuality off this process is very high and produces great results. Reference University of Winnipeg CHEM-2202/3 original Chemistry I Lab manual(a) Fall 2012